Volume 41 Issue 12
Dec.  2022
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Xiaofan Hong, Zuozhi Chen, Jun Zhang, Yan’e Jiang, Yuyan Gong, Yancong Cai, Yutao Yang. Construction and analysis of a coral reef trophic network for Qilianyu Islands, Xisha Islands[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2022, 41(12): 58-72. doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2047-8
Citation: Xiaofan Hong, Zuozhi Chen, Jun Zhang, Yan’e Jiang, Yuyan Gong, Yancong Cai, Yutao Yang. Construction and analysis of a coral reef trophic network for Qilianyu Islands, Xisha Islands[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2022, 41(12): 58-72. doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2047-8

Construction and analysis of a coral reef trophic network for Qilianyu Islands, Xisha Islands

doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2047-8
Funds:  The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No. 2018YFC1406502; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 31902374; the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) under contract No. GML2019ZD0605; the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences under contract No. 2020TD05.
More Information
  • Corresponding author: E-mail: chenzuozhi@scsfri.ac.cn
  • Received Date: 2021-08-20
  • Accepted Date: 2022-04-22
  • Available Online: 2022-09-02
  • Publish Date: 2022-12-30
  • Qilianyu Islands coral reefs (QICR), located in the northeastern part of the South China Sea, has been affected by human activities and natural disturbance. To characterize the trophic structure, ecosystem properties and keystone species of this region, a food-web model for the QICR is developed using methods involving a mass-balance approach with Ecopath with Ecosim software. Trophic levels range from 1.00 for detritus and primary producers to 3.80 for chondrichthyes. The mean trophic transfer efficiency for the entire ecosystem is 13.15%, with 55% of total energy flow originating from primary producers. A mixed trophic impact analysis indicates that coral strongly impacts most components of this ecosystem. A comparison of our QICR model with that for other coral reef ecosystems suggests that the QICR ecosystem is immature and/or is degraded.
  • loading
  • Adey W H, Goertemiller T. 1987. Coral reef algal turfs: master producers in nutrient poor seas. Phycologia, 26(3): 374–386. doi: 10.2216/i0031-8884-26-3-374.1
    Ainsworth C H, Mumby P J. 2015. Coral–algal phase shifts alter fish communities and reduce fisheries production. Global Change Biology, 21(1): 165–172. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12667
    Albouy C, Mouillot D, Rocklin D, et al. 2010. Simulation of the combined effects of artisanal and recreational fisheries on a Mediterranean MPA ecosystem using a trophic model. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 412: 207–221. doi: 10.3354/meps08679
    Allen K R. 1971. Relation between production and biomass. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 28(10): 1573–1581. doi: 10.1139/f71-236
    Alva-Basurto J C, Arias-González J E. 2014. Modelling the effects of climate change on a Caribbean coral reef food web. Ecological Modelling, 289: 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.06.014
    Anthony K R N, Kline D I, Diaz-Pulido G, et al. 2008. Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(45): 17442–17446. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804478105
    Arias-González J E, Delesalle B, Salvat B, et al. 1997. Trophic functioning of the Tiahura reef sector, Moorea Island, French Polynesia. Coral Reefs, 16(4): 231–246. doi: 10.1007/s003380050079
    Arias-González J E, Nuñez-Lara E, González-Salas C, et al. 2004. Trophic models for investigation of fishing effect on coral reef ecosystems. Ecological Modelling, 172(2–4): 197–212,
    Bahr K D, Rodgers K S, Jokiel P L, et al. 2020. Pulse sediment event does not impact the metabolism of a mixed coral reef community. Ocean & Coastal Management, 184: 105007. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105007
    Baums I B. 2008. A restoration genetics guide for coral reef conservation. Molecular Ecology, 17(12): 2796–2811. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03787.x
    Bello-Pineda J, Ponce-Hernández R, Liceaga-Correa M A. 2006. Incorporating GIS and MCE for suitability assessment modelling of coral reef resources. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 114(1–3): 225–256,
    Bellwood D R, Hughes T P, Folke C, et al. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature, 429(6994): 827–833. doi: 10.1038/nature02691
    Botha E J, Brando V E, Anstee J M, et al. 2013. Increased spectral resolution enhances coral detection under varying water conditions. Remote Sensing of Environment, 131: 247–261. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.021
    Bozec Y M, Gascuel D, Kulbicki M. 2004. Trophic model of lagoonal communities in a large open atoll (Uvea, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia). Aquatic Living Resources, 17(2): 151–162. doi: 10.1051/alr:2004024
    Bozec Y M, O’Farrell S, Bruggemann J H, et al. 2016. Tradeoffs between fisheries harvest and the resilience of coral reefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(16): 4536–4541. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1601529113
    Brandl S J, Emslie M J, Ceccarelli D M, et al. 2016. Habitat degradation increases functional originality in highly diverse coral reef fish assemblages. Ecosphere, 7(11): e01557. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1557
    Brown P C, Painting S J, Cochrane K L. 1991. Estimates of phytoplankton and bacterial biomass and production in the northern and southern Benguela ecosystems. South African Journal of Marine Science, 11(1): 537–564. doi: 10.2989/025776191784287673
    Cáceres I, Ortiz M, Cupul-Magaña A L, et al. 2016. Trophic models and short-term simulations for the coral reefs of Cayos Cochinos and Media Luna (Honduras): a comparative network analysis, ecosystem development, resilience, and fishery. Hydrobiologia, 770(1): 209–224. doi: 10.1007/s10750-015-2592-7
    Cheal A J, MacNeil M A, Cripps E, et al. 2010. Coral–macroalgal phase shifts or reef resilience: links with diversity and functional roles of herbivorous fishes on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 29(4): 1005–1015. doi: 10.1007/s00338-010-0661-y
    Chen Zuozhi, Qiu Yongsong. 2010. Assessment of the food-web structure, energy flows, and system attribute of northern South China Sea ecosystem. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30(18): 4855–4865
    Chen Zuozhi, Xu Shannan, Qiu Yongsong. 2015. Using a food-web model to assess the trophic structure and energy flows in Daya Bay, China. Continental Shelf Research, 111: 316–326. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2015.08.013
    Chen Xiaoyan, Yu Kefu, Huang Xueyong, et al. 2019. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition increases the possibility of macroalgal dominance on remote coral reefs. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(5): 1355–1369. doi: 10.1029/2019jg005074
    Chen Biao, Yu Kefu, Liao Zhiheng, et al. 2021. Microbiome community and complexity indicate environmental gradient acclimatisation and potential microbial interaction of endemic coral holobionts in the South China Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 765: 142690. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142690
    Chesher R H. 1969. Destruction of Pacific corals by the sea star Acanthaster planci. Science, 165(3890): 280–283. doi: 10.1126/science.165.3890.280
    Chong-Seng K M, Nash K L, Bellwood D R, et al. 2014. Macroalgal herbivory on recovering versus degrading coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 33(2): 409–419. doi: 10.1007/s00338-014-1134-5
    Christensen V, Pauly D. 1992. ECOPATH II—a software for balancing steady-state ecosystem models and calculating network characteristics. Ecological Modelling, 61(3–4): 169–185,
    Christensen V, Walters C J. 2004. Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations. Ecological Modelling, 172(2–4): 109–139,
    Christensen V, Walters C J, Pauly D. 2005. Ecopath with Ecosim: A User’s Guide. Vancouver: University of British Columbia
    Christensen V, Walters C, Pauly D, et al. 2008. Ecopath with Ecosim Version 6 User Guide. Vancouver: University of British Columbia
    Cook C B, Logan A, Ward J, et al. 1990. Elevated temperatures and bleaching on a high latitude coral reef: the 1988 Bermuda event. Coral Reefs, 9(1): 45–49. doi: 10.1007/BF00686721
    Darling E S, D’Agata S. 2017. Coral reefs: fishing for sustainability. Current Biology, 27(2): R65–R68. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.005
    Darnell R M. 1967. Organic detritus in relation to the estuarine ecosystem. In: Lauff G H, ed. Estuaries. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 376–382
    Dove S G, Brown K T, Van Den Heuvel A, et al. 2020. Ocean warming and acidification uncouple calcification from calcifier biomass which accelerates coral reef decline. Communications Earth & Environment, 1(1): 55. doi: 10.1038/s43247-020-00054-x
    Du Jianguo, Makatipu P C, Tao L S R, et al. 2020. Comparing trophic levels estimated from a tropical marine food web using an ecosystem model and stable isotopes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 233: 106518,
    Du Feiyan, Wang Xuehui, Lin Zhaojin. 2015. The characteristics of summer zooplankton community in the Meiji coral reef, Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 35(4): 1014–1021
    Eyre B D, Cyronak T, Drupp P, et al. 2018. Coral reefs will transition to net dissolving before end of century. Science, 359(6378): 908–911. doi: 10.1126/science.aao1118
    Fabricius K E, Okaji K, De’ath G. 2010. Three lines of evidence to link outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns seastar Acanthaster planci to the release of larval food limitation. Coral Reefs, 29(3): 593–605. doi: 10.1007/s00338-010-0628-z
    Ferrier-Pagès C, Hoogenboom M, Houlbrèque F. 2011. The role of plankton in coral trophodynamics. In: Dubinsky Z, Stambler N, eds. Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition. Dordrecht: Springer,
    Finn J T. 1976. Measures of ecosystem structure and function derived from analysis of flows. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 56(2): 363–380. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5193(76)80080-X
    Fox H E, Caldwell R L. 2006. Recovery from blast fishing on coral reefs: a tale of two scales. Ecological Applications, 16(5): 1631–1635. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1631:RFBFOC]2.0.CO;2
    Frank K T, Petrie B, Shackell N L. 2007. The ups and downs of trophic control in continental shelf ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22(5): 236–242. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.03.002
    Gaither M R, Bowen B W, Bordenave T R, et al. 2011. Phylogeography of the reef fish Cephalopholis argus (Epinephelidae) indicates Pleistocene isolation across the Indo-Pacific Barrier with contemporary overlap in the Coral Triangle. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11: 189. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-189
    Gates R D. 1990. Seawater temperature and sublethal coral bleaching in Jamaica. Coral Reefs, 8(4): 193–197. doi: 10.1007/BF00265010
    Glynn P W, Enochs I C. 2011. Invertebrates and their roles in coral reef ecosystems. In: Dubinsky Z, Stambler N, eds. Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition. Dordrecht: Springer, 273–325
    Godinot C, Houlbrèque F, Grover R, et al. 2011. Coral uptake of inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen negatively affected by simultaneous changes in temperature and pH. PLoS ONE, 6(9): e25024. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025024
    González-Rivero M, Bongaerts P, Beijbom O, et al. 2014. The catlin seaview survey-kilometre-scale seascape assessment, and monitoring of coral reef ecosystems. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24(S2): 184–198. doi: 10.1002/aqc.2505
    Heenan A, Williams I D, Acoba T, et al. 2017. Long-term monitoring of coral reef fish assemblages in the western central Pacific. Scientific Data, 4: 170176. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2017.176
    Heymans J. 2003. Comparing the Newfoundland marine ecosystem models using Information Theory. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 11(5): 62–71
    Heymans J J, Coll M, Libralato S, et al. 2011. Ecopath theory, modeling, and application to coastal ecosystems. Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, 9: 93–113
    Heymans J J, Coll M, Link J S, et al. 2016. Best practice in Ecopath with Ecosim food-web models for ecosystem-based management. Ecological Modelling, 331: 173–184. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.007
    Hixon M A, Randall J E. 2019. Coral reef fishes. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2: 142–150
    Hodgson G. 1999. A global assessment of human effects on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38(5): 345–355. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00002-8
    Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby P J, Hooten A J, et al. 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science, 318(5857): 1737–1742. doi: 10.1126/science.1152509
    Houlbrèque F, Tambutté E, Ferrier-Pagès C. 2003. Effect of zooplankton availability on the rates of photosynthesis, and tissue and skeletal growth in the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 296(2): 145–166. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00259-4
    Huang Zirong, Chen Zuozhi, Zeng Xiaoguang. 2009. Species composition and resources density of Chondrichthyes in the continental shelf of northern South China Sea. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 28(1): 38–44
    Huang Danwei, Licuanan W Y, Hoeksema B W, et al. 2015. Extraordinary diversity of reef corals in the South China Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 45(2): 157–168. doi: 10.1007/s12526-014-0236-1
    Huang Jianhong, Wang Fengxia, Zhao Hongwei, et al. 2020. Reef benthic composition and coral communities at the Wuzhizhou Island in the South China Sea: the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 243: 106863,
    Huang Hui, Zhang Chenglong, Yang Jianhui, et al. 2012. Scleractinian coral community characteristics in Zhubi reef sea area of Nansha Islands. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 31(1): 79–84
    Hughes T P, Rodrigues M J, Bellwood D R, et al. 2007. Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Current Biology, 17(4): 360–365. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.049
    Ippolito S, Naudot V, Noonburg E G. 2016. Alternative stable states, coral reefs, and smooth dynamics with a kick. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 78(3): 413–435. doi: 10.1007/s11538-016-0148-2
    Jiao Nianzhi, Chen Dake, Luo Yongming, et al. 2015. Climate change and anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems and countermeasures in China. Advances in Climate Change Research, 6(2): 118–125. doi: 10.1016/j.accre.2015.09.010
    Jokiel P L. 2016. Predicting the impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs: evaluating the assumptions involved. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73(3): 550–557. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv091
    Karim E, Liu Qun, Xue Ying, et al. 2019. Trophic structure and energy flow of the resettled maritime area of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh through ECOPATH. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 38(10): 27–42. doi: 10.1007/s13131-019-1423-5
    Ke Zhixin, Tan Yehui, Huang Liangmin, et al. 2018. Spatial distribution patterns of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in six coral atolls in the central South China Sea. Coral Reefs, 37(3): 919–927. doi: 10.1007/s00338-018-1717-7
    Kim T W, Lee K, Duce R, et al. 2014. Impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on phytoplankton productivity in the South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(9): 3156–3162. doi: 10.1002/2014gl059665
    Knowlton N. 2001. Coral reef biodiversity-habitat size matters. Science, 292(5521): 1493–1495. doi: 10.1126/science.1061690
    Landi P, Minoarivelo H O, Brännström Å, et al. 2018. Complexity and stability of ecological networks: a review of the theory. Population Ecology, 60(4): 319–345. doi: 10.1007/s10144-018-0628-3
    Li Yuanjie, Chen Zuozhi, Zhang Jun, et al. 2020. Species and taxonomic diversity of Qilianyu Island reef fish in the Xisha Islands. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 27(7): 815–823
    Li Yuanchao, Chen Shiquan, Zheng Xinqing, et al. 2018. Analysis of the change of hermatypic corals in Yongxing Island and Qilianyu Island in nearly a decade. Haiyang Xuebao (in Chinese), 40(8): 97–109
    Li Yuanchao, Liang Jilin, Wu Zhongjie, et al. 2019a. Outbreak and prevention of Acanthaster planci. Ocean Development and Management, 36(8): 9–12
    Li Xiong, Wang Hao, Zhang Zheng, et al. 2014. Mathematical analysis of coral reef models. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 416(1): 352–373. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.02.053
    Li Yuanchao, Wu Zhongjie, Chen Shiquan, et al. 2017. Discussion of the diversity of the coral reef fish in the shallow reefs along the Yongxing and Qilianyu Island. Marine Environmental Science, 36(4): 509–516
    Li Yuanchao, Wu Zhongjie, Liang Jilin, et al. 2019b. Analysis on the outbreak period and cause of Acanthaster planci in Xisha Islands in recent 15 years. Chinese Science Bulletin, 64(33): 3478–3484. doi: 10.1360/tb-2019-0152
    Libralato S, Christensen V, Pauly D. 2006. A method for identifying keystone species in food web models. Ecological Modelling, 195(3–4): 153–171,
    Lindeman R L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology, 23(4): 399–417. doi: 10.2307/1930126
    Link J S. 2010. Adding rigor to ecological network models by evaluating a set of pre-balance diagnostics: a plea for PREBAL. Ecological Modelling, 221(12): 1580–1591. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.03.012
    Liu P J, Shao K T, Jan R Q, et al. 2009. A trophic model of fringing coral reefs in Nanwan Bay, southern Taiwan suggests overfishing. Marine Environmental Research, 68(3): 106–117. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.04.009
    Lough J M. 2011. Climate change and coral reefs. In: Hopley D, ed. Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Dordrecht: Springer,
    Luo Zhongyuan, Li Jiangtao, Jia Guodong. 2019. The geochemical significance of deep-water coral and their food source. Advances in Earth Science, 34(12): 1234–1242. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.12.1234
    MacNeil M A, Graham N A J, Cinner J E, et al. 2015. Recovery potential of the world’s coral reef fishes. Nature, 520(7547): 341–344. doi: 10.1038/nature14358
    Mak K K W, Yanase H, Renneberg R. 2005. Cyanide fishing and cyanide detection in coral reef fish using chemical tests and biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 20(12): 2581–2593. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.09.015
    Mantyka C S, Bellwood D R. 2007. Direct evaluation of macroalgal removal by herbivorous coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs, 26(2): 435–442. doi: 10.1007/s00338-007-0214-1
    Mason P, Varnell L M. 1996. Detritus: mother nature’s rice cake. Wetlands Program Technical Report no. 96-10. Gloucester Point, Virginia: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary,
    McCook L J, Almany G R, Berumen M L, et al. 2009. Management under uncertainty: guide-lines for incorporating connectivity into the protection of coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 28(2): 353–366. doi: 10.1007/s00338-008-0463-7
    McCormick M I, Barry R P, Allan B J M. 2017. Algae associated with coral degradation affects risk assessment in coral reef fishes. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 16937. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17197-1
    Melbourne-Thomas J, Johnson C R, Fung T, et al. 2011. Regional-scale scenario modeling for coral reefs: a decision support tool to inform management of a complex system. Ecological Applications, 21(4): 1380–1398. doi: 10.1890/09-1564.1
    Mills M M, Lipschultz F, Sebens K P. 2004. Particulate matter ingestion and associated nitrogen uptake by four species of scleractinian corals. Coral Reefs, 23(3): 311–323. doi: 10.1007/s00338-004-0380-3
    Mouillot D, Graham N A J, Villéger S, et al. 2013. A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28(3): 167–177. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.004
    Muallil R N, Tambihasan A M, Enojario M J, et al. 2020. Inventory of commercially important coral reef fishes in Tawi-Tawi Islands, Southern Philippines: the Heart of the Coral Triangle. Fisheries Research, 230: 105640. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105640
    Mumby P J, Dahlgren C P, Harborne A R, et al. 2006. Fishing, trophic cascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science, 311(5757): 98–101. doi: 10.1126/science.1121129
    Nixon S W, Oviatt C A, Frithsen J, et al. 1986. Nutrients and the productivity of estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa, 12(1–2): 43–71,
    Odum E P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science, 164(3877): 262–270. doi: 10.1126/science.164.3877.262
    Ortiz M, Berrios F, Campos L, et al. 2015. Mass balanced trophic models and short-term dynamical simulations for benthic ecological systems of Mejillones and Antofagasta Bays (SE Pacific): comparative network structure and assessment of human impacts. Ecological Modelling, 309–310: 153–162,
    Palomares M L D, Pauly D. 1998. Predicting food consumption of fish populations as functions of mortality, food type, morphometrics, temperature and salinity. Marine and Freshwater Research, 49(5): 447–453. doi: 10.1071/MF98015
    Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaard J, et al. 1998. Fishing down marine food webs. Science, 279(5352): 860–863. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5352.860
    Pauly D, Christensen V, Walters C. 2000. Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(3): 697–706. doi: 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0726
    Pauly D, Palomares M L D. 2005. Fishing down marine food web: it is far more pervasive than we thought. Bulletin of Marine Science, 76(2): 197–211
    Pauly D, Soriano-Bartz M L, Palomares M L D. 1993. Improved construction, parametrization and interpretation of steady-state ecosystem models. In: Christensen V, Pauly D, eds. Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. Manila: ICLARM Conference Proceeding
    Pérez-Ruzafa A, Morkune R, Marcos C, et al. 2020. Can an oligotrophic coastal lagoon support high biological productivity? Sources and pathways of primary production. Marine Environmental Research, 153: 104824. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104824
    Petit T, Bajjouk T, Mouquet P, et al. 2017. Hyperspectral remote sensing of coral reefs by semi-analytical model inversion—Comparison of different inversion setups. Remote Sensing of Environment, 190: 348–365. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.004
    Pimm S L, Lawton J H, Cohen J E. 1991. Food web patterns and their consequences. Nature, 350(6320): 669–674. doi: 10.1038/350669a0
    Polovina J J. 1984. Model of a coral reef ecosystem. Coral Reefs, 3(1): 1–11. doi: 10.1007/BF00306135
    Qin Zhenjun, Yu Kefu, Chen Shuchang, et al. 2021. Microbiome of juvenile corals in the outer reef slope and lagoon of the South China Sea: insight into coral acclimatization to extreme thermal environments. Environmental Microbiology, 23(8): 4389–4404. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15624
    Reimer J D, Kise H, Wee H B, et al. 2019. Crown-of-thorns starfish outbreak at oceanic Dongsha Atoll in the northern South China Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 49(6): 2495–2497. doi: 10.1007/s12526-019-01021-2
    Ruiz D J, Banks S, Wolff M. 2016. Elucidating fishing effects in a large-predator dominated system: the case of Darwin and Wolf Islands (Galápagos). Journal of Sea Research, 107: 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2015.11.001
    Russo G F, Fasulo G, Toscano A, et al. 1990. On the presence of triton species (Charonia spp. ) (Mollusca Gastropoda) in the Mediterranean Sea: ecological considerations. Bollettino Malacologico, 26: 91–104
    Shang Yiwei, Xiao Wupeng, Liu Xin, et al. 2018. Variations of pico-phytoplankton groups and carbon to chlorophyll-a ratios in the South China Sea at the SEATS station. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science), 57(6): 811–818
    Shao K T, Ho H C, Lin P L, et al. 2008. A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 19: 233–271
    Spillman C M, Alves O. 2009. Dynamical seasonal prediction of summer sea surface temperatures in the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 28(1): 197–206. doi: 10.1007/s00338-008-0438-8
    Steel E A, McElhany P, Yoder N J, et al. 2009. Making the best use of modeled data: multiple approaches to sensitivity analysis of a fish-habitat model. Fisheries, 34(7): 330–339. doi: 10.1577/1548-8446-34.7.330
    Tang Shilin, Chen Chuqun, Zhan Haigang, et al. 2007. Retrieval of euphotic layer depth of South China Sea by remote sensing. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 26(1): 9–15
    Tebbett S B, Bellwood D R. 2020. Sediments ratchet-down coral reef algal turf productivity. Science of the Total Environment, 713: 136709. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136709
    Tebbett S B, Goatley C H R, Streit R P, et al. 2020. Algal turf sediments limit the spatial extent of function delivery on coral reefs. Science of the Total Environment, 734: 139422. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139422
    Ulanowicz R E, Puccia C J. 1990. Mixed trophic impacts in ecosystems. Coenoses, 5(1): 7–16
    Wabnitz C C C, Balazs G, Beavers S, et al. 2010. Ecosystem structure and processes at Kaloko Honokohau, focusing on the role of herbivores, including the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas, in reef resilience. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 420: 27–44. doi: 10.3354/meps08846
    Walters C J, Martell S J D. 2004. Fisheries Ecology and Management. Princeton: Princeton University Press
    Walters C, Martell S J D, Christensen V, et al. 2008. An ecosim model for exploring gulf of Mexico ecosystem management options: implications of including multistanza life-history models for policy predictions. Bulletin of Marine Science, 83(1): 251–271
    Wang Geng, Guan Xiaoxi. 2020. Research status and hot spot analysis of a coral reef ecosystem model. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 40(4): 1496–1503
    Williams G J, Gove J M, Eynaud Y, et al. 2015. Local human impacts decouple natural biophysical relationships on Pacific coral reefs. Ecography, 38(8): 751–761. doi: 10.1111/ecog.01353
    Wilmes J C, Schultz D J, Hoey A S, et al. 2020. Habitat associations of settlement-stage crown-of-thorns starfish on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 39(4): 1163–1174. doi: 10.1007/s00338-020-01950-6
    Wu Zhongjie, Wang Daoru, Tu Zhigang, et al. 2011. The analysis on the reason of hermatypic coral degradation in Xisha. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 33(4): 140–146
    Wu Dan, Zhang Fenfen, Zhang Xiaodi, et al. 2021. Stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15 N) in black coral as new proxies for environmental record. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 164: 112007. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112007
    Xie Fuwu, Liang Jilin, Xing Kongmin, et al. 2019. Characteristics of zooplankton community structure in the eastern and southern offshore coral reef areas of Hainan in summer. Marine Sciences, 43(7): 87–95
    Xu Shendong, Zhang Zhinan, Yu Kefu, et al. 2021. Spatial variations in the trophic status of Favia palauensis corals in the South China Sea: insights into their different adaptabilities under contrasting environmental conditions. Science China Earth Sciences, 64(6): 839–852. doi: 10.1007/s11430-020-9774-0
    Yang Junyi. 2017. Spectral analysis and classification of coral reefs around Qilian Yu in the Xisha Islands (in Chinese)[dissertation]. Guangzhou: Guangzhou University
    Yang Rui. 2019. The study of microbial communities and their potentiality to be environmental indicators of surface layer sediments in Xuande Atoll, the South China Sea (in Chinese)[dissertation]. Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
    Yu Kefu. 2012. Coral reefs in the South China Sea: their response to and records on past environmental changes. Science China Earth Sciences, 55(8): 1217–1229. doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4449-5
    Zhang Jun, Chen Guobao, Chen Zuozhi, et al. 2016. Application of hydroacoustics to investigate the distribution, diel movement, and abundance of fish on Zhubi Reef, Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 34(5): 964–976. doi: 10.1007/s00343-016-5019-z
    Zhang Jun, Chen Zuozhi, Dong Junde, et al. 2020a. Variation in the population characteristics of blue-striped snapper Lutjanus kasmira in the South China Sea in recent 20 years. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 51(1): 114–124
    Zhang Ting, Lin Liu, Jian Li, et al. 2020b. Investigation of beach debris at spawning ground of Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Qilianyu Islands, northeastern Xisha Islands. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 39(7): 2408–2415
    Zhang Lüping, Xia Jianjun, Peng Pengfei, et al. 2013. Characterization of embryogenesis and early larval development in the Pacific triton, Charonia tritonis (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda). Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 57(3): 237–246. doi: 10.1080/07924259.2012.753472
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(6)  / Tables(6)

    Article Metrics

    Article views (451) PDF downloads(27) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return