Two drifting paths of Sargassum bloom in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during 2019−2020
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Abstract: The macroalgal blooms of floating brown algae Sargassum horneri are increasing in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during the past few years. However, the annual pattern of Sargassum bloom is not well characterized. To study the developing pattern and explore the impacts from hydro-meteorologic environment, high resolution satellite imageries were used to monitor the distribution, coverage and drifting of the pelagic Sargassum rafts in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea from September 2019 to August 2020. Sargassum blooms were detected from October 2019 to June 2020 and presented two successive drifting paths that both initiated from around 37°N. The first path spanned smaller spatial scale and shorter period, starting with a bloom of 3 km2 distribution area near the eastern tip of Shandong Peninsula in late October 2019 and drifted southwards, hit the Pyropia aquaculture area in early January 2020, then vanished in the northwest of East China Sea (ca. 32°N) around end of January. The second path began with a large distribution area of 23 000 km2 east of 123°E in late January 2020, firstly moved southwards in the central Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea (north of 29°N) till late April, then turned northwards with monsoon wind and vanished from late June to August. The mean sea surface temperature of 8°C to 20°C in the Sargassum bloom areas corresponded to in situ observed temperature range for vegetative growth and floating of S. horneri. There was no observed floating Sargassum blooms during July through September in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The results indicate that floating S. horneri is unable to complete life cycle in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, and provide insights to the future management of Sargassum blooms. Further studies are needed to validate the pattern and source of annual Sargassum bloom in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.
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Figure 1. The bi-macroalgal bloom in the Yellow Sea on June 7, 2020. a. Area covered by the satellite image analysis in the current study. ★ records natural distribution of benthic Sargassum horneri in Chinese and Korean waters (Tseng, 1983; Hu et al., 2011; Byeon et al., 2019), □ denotes location of panels b and c; b and c are RED-GREEN-BLUE and NIR-RED-GREEN images from Sentinel-2 satellite; d and e, field validation of green tide caused by Ulva prolifera and bloom caused by Sargassum horneri from June 7 to 10, 2020, respectively; f and g, reflectance spectrum of Ulva prolifera and Sargassum horneri from Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (solid line with dots) and laboratory measurements (dashed line).
Figure 2. High resolution images from Sentinel-2 (red), Gaofen-1/6 (yellow) and Haiyang-1C (green) used from September 2019 to August 2020.
Figure 3. The distribution area of floating Sargassum from October 2019 to January 2020 (a), from January 2020 to April 2020 (b) and from April 2020 to June 2020 (c); two drifting paths of floating Sargassum in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea (d). The distribution area on October 21, 2019 is indicated by black arrow in a. Red and black dots indicate the centroids of distribution area on each date (in YYYYMMDD format). The distribution of green tide caused by Ulva prolifera was also included in c.
Figure 4. The distribution and coverage areas of floating Sargassum in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea from October 2019 to June 2020 (in YYYYMMDD format).
Figure 5. Field validation of Sargassum bloom in the Subei Shoal on January 14 (a) and in the Yellow Sea on May 19, 2020 (b and c).
Figure 6. Distributions of sea surface temperature (contour) and monthly averaged wind field (vectors) in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea from September 2019 to August 2020. The black contour lines indicate 20°C isotherm from 20191030 to 20200607. The distribution of floating Sargassum is overlaid in red polygons for each month (in YYYYMMDD format).
Figure 7. Temporal variation of sea surface temperature in the areas with Sargassum blooms (SSTSarg) from October, 2019 to June, 2020 (in YYYYMMDD format).
Table 1. Sensor characteristics of Sentinel-2, Gaofen-1/6 and Haiyang 1C
Satellite sensor Sentinel-2 multispectral instrument Gaofen-1/6 Wide-Field-View Haiyang 1C Coastal Zone Imager Blue-Green-Red-Near Infrared Band 2-3-4-8 1-2-3-4 1-2-3-4 Resolution/m 10 16 50 Swath/km 290 800 950 Revisit cycle/d 5 4 3 Data provider European Space Agency China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application China National Satellite Ocean Application Service 
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