Distribution and invasion of Spartina alterniflora within the Jiaozhou Bay monitored by remote sensing image

Jianbu Wang Zhaoyang Lin Yuanqing Ma Guangbo Ren Zijun Xu Xiukai Song Yi Ma Andong Wang Yajie Zhao

Jianbu Wang, Zhaoyang Lin, Yuanqing Ma, Guangbo Ren, Zijun Xu, Xiukai Song, Yi Ma, Andong Wang, Yajie Zhao. Distribution and invasion of Spartina alterniflora within the Jiaozhou Bay monitored by remote sensing image[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2022, 41(6): 31-40. doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1907-y
Citation: Jianbu Wang, Zhaoyang Lin, Yuanqing Ma, Guangbo Ren, Zijun Xu, Xiukai Song, Yi Ma, Andong Wang, Yajie Zhao. Distribution and invasion of Spartina alterniflora within the Jiaozhou Bay monitored by remote sensing image[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2022, 41(6): 31-40. doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1907-y

doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1907-y

Distribution and invasion of Spartina alterniflora within the Jiaozhou Bay monitored by remote sensing image

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42076189, 41206172 and 61601133; the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing under contract No. JQ20021; the Remote Sensing Monitoring Project of Geographical Elements in Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve—the Remote Sensing Monitoring Technology Project of Spartina alterniflora in Shandong Province in 2020.
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  • Figure  1.  Study area in the Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Peninsula, China. Area A is Nügukou, including the Moshui River Estuary, Baisha River Estuary and tidal flat on the east side of Hongdao; Area B is the Dagu River Estuary; Area C is the Yanghe River Estuary; and Area D is the Lianwan River Estuary.

    Figure  2.  Field survey sites (a, b; green dots) and vegetation photographs (c–g). c. Dense growth of Spartina alterniflora on the tidal flat; d. S. anglica mixed with S. alterniflora, which is mainly distributed in the Dagu River Estuary; e. densely distributed S. alterniflora blocking the river channel; f. S. alterniflora occupying the growing area of Phragmites australis; g. Suaeda salsa near S. alterniflora, mainly in the Yanghe River Estuary and the Moshui River Estuary.

    Figure  3.  Data preparation and experimental process. NDVI is the abbreviation of the normalized difference vegetation index; RVI, the ratio vegetation index; MSAVI, the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index; CNN, the convolutional neural network; DCNN, deep convolutional neural network; SVM, the support vector machine; RF, random forest.

    Figure  4.  Network structure of the deep convolutional neural network.

    Figure  5.  Remote sensing monitoring results of Spartina alterniflora over time in the Jiaozhou Bay. a. Spartina alterniflora distribution in the Yanghe River Estuary and Dagu River Estuary in 2002, 2012, 2014 and 2019; b. S. alterniflora distribution in Nügukou in 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019; c. S. alterniflora distribution in the Lianwan River Estuary in 1988, 2013, 2015 and 2019.

    Figure  6.  Bar chart of changes in the area of Spartina alterniflora in the Jiaozhou Bay, 1988–2019. The gray color shows intermittent monitoring before 2019. The blue color shows annual monitoring after 2012.

    Figure  7.  Bar chart of Spartina alterniflora area in different distribution areas in the Jiaozhou Bay. Green shows the area of S. alterniflora each year in the Yanghe River Estuary; black shows the area of S. alterniflora near Nügukou; blue and red represent the area of S. alterniflora and S. anglica in the Dagu River Estuary and Lianwan River Estuary, respectively.

    Figure  8.  Spartina alterniflora distribution from the Gaofen-1 WFV image and field pictures near the western end of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge. The red features in the image are S. alterniflora. The site conditions of the beach at A and B are shown on the right.

    Figure  9.  Invasion process of Spartina alterniflora on the east tidal flat of Hongdao. a. The invasion of S. alterniflora through seed. The initial stage shows scattered S. alterniflora seedlings. b. Spartina alterniflora starts root propagation after the seed invasion and forms a large number of patches. The patches are almost circular and spaced apart from each other. c. Spartina alterniflora multiplies through seeds and roots to connect the patches and finally completes the occupation of the tidal flat.

    Figure  10.  Scattered Spartina anglica at the Dagu River Estuary and S. alterniflora invading in the S. anglica growing area. a. The Gaofen-1 WFV satellite image and the photographs of S. anglica invaded by S. alterniflora; b. a mixed area of S. anglica and S. alterniflora taken at the scene. The taller plants are S. alterniflora, the smaller plants are S. anglica.

    Table  1.   Details of satellite images used in this analysis

    Image nameImaging timeSpace resolution/m
    Landsat 5 TM1988–200830
    Landsat 7 ETM+2012–201430
    Landsat 8 OLI2015–201915
    Gaofen-1 WFV2014–201916
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  2.   GF-1 data classification results (%) of the Jiaozhou Bay in 2019

    MethodSpartina altemifloraSurroundingOARecallPrecisionF1-score
    DCNN98.7598.9798.9798.7560.2774.85
    SVM29.5599.9998.9029.5598.3045.44
    RF98.5598.4498.3995.6349.2164.99
    Basic CNN98.5598.4498.3398.5548.1764.71
    DCNN (no)99.1297.0497.0899.1234.6351.33
    SVM (no)29.5399.9998.9029.5398.3045.42
    RF (no)95.5798.5198.4695.5750.2866.57
    Basic CNN (no)98.2998.2998.2998.2947.6564.18
    Note: OA is the abbreviation of the overall accuracy; DCNN, deep convolutional neural network; SVM, the support vector machine; RF, the random forest; CNN, the convolutional neural network. “no” in bracket means that the vegetation index is not used.
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  3.   Classification results (%) of the Jiaozhou Bay images from different satellites in different years

    MethodSpartina altemifloraSurroundingOARecallPrecisionF1-score
    DCNN (R8 2017)98.1298.9098.8398.1247.0863.63
    DCNN (L8 2017)95.2497.9397.9195.2425.0439.65
    DCNN (L7 2017)88.2498.2798.2088.2427.0141.36
    Note: OA is the abbreviation of the overall accuracy; DCNN, deep convolutional neural network. R8 refers to the image upsampled by Landsat 8 to a spatial resolution of 15 m. L8 and L7 refer to Landsat 8 and Landsat 7, respectively.
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2021-07-21
  • 录用日期:  2021-09-01
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-04-19
  • 刊出日期:  2022-06-16

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