Spatial and diel variations of the prokaryotic community in the Phaeocystis globosa blooms area of Beibu Gulf, China
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Abstract: While prokaryotes play key roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow during Phaeocystis globosa blooms, the information on the spatial and diel temporal distribution of the prokaryotic community during Phaeocystis blooms remains scarce. In January 2019, we used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to explore the spatial and diel variations of particle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) prokaryotic communities during the blooming phase of P. globosa in Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, China. The results suggested a significant spatial variation pattern in the horizontal distribution of prokaryotic communities, while there was no significant difference in the vertical direction. Both spatial distance and environmental variables shaped the horizontal distribution of the prokaryotic community structure, while environmental variables, particularly the abundance of P. globosa colony and Chl a, showed more significant influence and were closely related to the structure and variation of the prokaryotic community. Strong vertical mixing of the water column disrupted the vertical structure heterogeneity of the prokaryotic community in winter. There were significant differences in the diel samples of PA prokaryotic communities, but not in the FL prokaryotic communities. Nitrate, ammonium and the abundance of P. globosa colony were the key environmental variables impacting the diel variations of prokaryotic communities over the sampling period. The present study provided valuable information to depict the spatial-temporal variations of the microbial community and its association with environmental parameters during P. globosa bloom in the tropical gulf.
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Key words:
- algal bloom /
- 16S rRNA genes /
- prokaryotic /
- community diversity /
- spatial patterns /
- diel distribution
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Figure 1. Location of sampling stations in the northern Beibu Gulf, China. The circles represent coastal stations, the square represents the deeper water station, and the triangles represent stations of the ZN4-X section, among which the empty triangle indicates the diel sampling station. Blue arrows indicate the general pattern of cyclonic circulation, purple arrows show the northeastern monsoon in winter, and black arrows point out riverine inputs in the sampling area (Bauer et al., 2013; Chen, 2013).
Figure 2. The heatmap of prokaryotic community composition in spatial (a) and diel (b) samples at the family level. The information of samples and species annotation were demonstrated along X-axis and Y-axis, respectively. The clustering tree was generated based on the family with the relative abundance >1.0% in at least one sample. The relative values in the heatmap depicted by colors after normalization indicated the aggregation degree or content of prokaryotic species among samples at the family level. Prefix: J, January. Suffix: BA, bottom particle-attached prokaryotes; SA, surface particle-attached prokaryotes; BF, bottom free-living prokaryotes; SF, surface free-living prokaryotes; SNA, surface night particle-attached prokaryotes; SDA, surface day particle-attached prokaryotes; SNF, surface night free-living prokaryotes; SDF, surface day free-living prokaryotes.
Figure 3. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination showed dissimilarities in the prokaryotic communities based on Bray-Curtis distances. Results from the first 2 ordination axes are given, with 80% confidence ellipses around the sample groups. a. NMDS plots of all spatial samples. b. The spatial samples in particle-attached (PA) fraction. c. The spatial samples in free-living (FL) fraction. d. NMDS plots of all diel samples. e. The diel samples in PA fraction. f. The diel samples in FL fraction. Prefix: J, January. Suffix: BA, bottom particle-attached prokaryotes; SA, surface particle-attached prokaryotes; BF, bottom free-living prokaryotes; SF, surface free-living prokaryotes; SNA, surface night particle-attached prokaryotes; SDA, surface day particle-attached prokaryotes; SNF, surface night free-living prokaryotes; SDF, surface day free-living prokaryotes (the results of ANOSIM are listed in Table S4).
Figure 4. Distance-based Redundancy Analyses (dbRDA) ordination plot represented the environmental variables that have influences (arrows) on the distribution of prokaryotic communities based on operationaltaxonomic unit (OTU) abundance. a. The spatial samples in particle-attached (PA) fraction. b. The spatial samples in free-living (FL) fraction. c. The diel samples in PA fraction. d. The diel samples in FL fraction. Prefix: J, January. Suffix: BA, bottom particle-attached prokaryotes; SA, surface particle-attached prokaryotes; BF, bottom free-living prokaryotes; SF, surface free-living prokaryotes; SNA, surface night particle-attached prokaryotes; SDA, surface day particle-attached prokaryotes; SNF, surface night free-living prokaryotes; SDF, surface day free-living prokaryotes (the significance of each environmental variable is listed in Table S5). T, temperature; S, salinity; Chl a, chlorophyll a; P. g, the abundance of P. globosa colony; ColD, collection depth;
${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ , nitrate nitrogen;${\rm{NO}}_2^- $ , nitrite nitrogen;${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $ , ammonia nitrogen, μmol/L;${\rm{SiO}}_3^{2-} $ , silicate. -
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