Remote sensing survey and research on internal solitary waves in the South China Sea-Western Pacific-East Indian Ocean (SCS-WPAC-EIND)
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Abstract: Internal solitary waves (ISWs) are common mesoscale dynamic processes in the ocean that are spread throughout the world’s oceans. The South China Sea (SCS), Western Pacific (WPAC) and Indian Ocean (EIND) (SCS-WPAC-EIND) are areas where ISWs frequently occur. In particular, in the northern part of the South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, Andaman Sea, Lombok Strait and northeastern part of Taiwan Island, ISWs exist almost year-round. Remote sensing is an important technique to carry out investigations and research on ISWs on a large scale. In particular, optical sensors represented by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) can observe ISWs for a long time and on a large scale, while SAR sensors such as Sentinel-1 A/B can compensate for the deficiencies in optical sensors and comprehensively observe ISWs. Based on many years of remote sensing surveys of ISWs, this paper uses MODIS and Sentinel-1 satellite remote sensing images of more than 70 000 scenes from 2010 to 2020 to carry out survey studies of ISWs in the SCS-WPAC-EIND. The survey systematically gives the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of ISWs in the SCS-WPAC-EIND and focuses on the analysis of the ISW characteristics in main areas in the SCS-WPAC-EIND, thereby providing basic data for further research on ISWs.
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Key words:
- internal solitary waves /
- SCS-WPAC-EIND /
- remote sensing /
- MODIS /
- Sentinel-1A/B
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Figure 1. The use of remote sensing images; gray indicates the number of original images, and red indicates the amount of remote sensing containing internal wave images.
Figure 3. Extraction process of ISW information based on MODIS images. The redboxs in the original SAR image, geometric correction image and enhanced image denote the range of internal waves location and extraction internal wave information image.
Figure 4. Extraction process of ISW information based on SAR images. The redboxs in the original SAR image, geometric correction image and enhanced image denote the range of internal waves location and extraction internal wave information image.
Figure 5. Characteristics of ISWs in the SCS-WPAC-EIND from 2010 to 2020. a. Distribution map and b. frequency distribution map.
Figure 6. MODIS image of ISWs in the northern South China Sea. The image was acquired at 03:00 UTC on July 17, 2010, and the coverage is approximately 331 km×251 km.
Figure 8. SAR image of ISWs. a. Along the coast of Vietnam, the image was acquired at 02:42:52 UTC on September 3, 2011, and the coverage is approximately 94 km×129 km. b. Waters near the Natuna Islands. The image was acquired at 02:37:19 UTC on February 22, 2012, 106 km×102 km.
Figure 9. Image of ISWs from Aqua MODIS in the Andaman Sea. The image was acquired at 06:55 UTC on March 14, 2020, and the coverage area was approximately 899 km×1 082 km.
Figure 10. Characteristic parameters of ISWs in the three areas of the Andaman Sea. The left panel shows the propagation speed (m/s), the middle panel shows the length of the leading wave crest line (km), and the right panel shows the propagation direction (°) in the north, central and south of the Andaman Sea from top to bottom.
Figure 12. Remote sensing images of ISWs. a. Sentinel-1 SAR image in the northern Bay of Bengal acquired at 23:56:16 UTC on April 14, 2017, and the coverage area is approximately 64 km×62 km. b. MODIS image in the central Bay of Bengal, 07:15 UTC on April 9, 2016, 458 km×322 km.
Figure 13. Sentinel-1 SAR image of ISWs in the Malacca Strait. The image was acquired at 11:34:06 UTC on February 20, 2017, and the coverage area was approximately 33 km×45 km.
Figure 14. MODIS image of ISWs in the Lombok Strait, which was acquired at 05:50 UTC on April 4, 2018, and the coverage is approximately 340 km×340 km. Green denotes land.
Figure 16. Aqua MODIS image of the ISWs. a. Sulu Sea, acquired at 05:25 UTC on March 24, 2015, 906 km×1079 km. b. The Celebes Sea, 05:25 UTC on March 14, 2020, 685 km×572 km.
Figure 18. ISWs in the Japan Sea. a. GF-1 image acquired at 02:25 UTC on July 24, 2014, 45 km×54 km. b. MODIS image acquired at 02:25 UTC on July 20, 2018, 253 km×277 km.
Figure 20. Sentinel-1 SAR image of the ISWs in the Bohai Sea acquired at 09:48:42 UTC on August 9, 2017, and the coverage area is approximately 23 km×29 km.
Figure 21. Sentinel-1 SAR image of the ISWs. a. The north Yellow Sea, acquired at 09:40:19 UTC on July 11, 2017, and the coverage area is approximately 35 km×45 km. b. The south Yellow Sea of Qingdao, 09:55:50 UTC on July 21, 2017, 37 km×45 km.
Figure 22. Sentinel-1 SAR image of the ISWs in the East China Sea acquired at 10:01:21 UTC on July 2, 2017, and the coverage area is approximately 27 km×29 km.
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