Observed characteristics of flow, water mass, and turbulent mixing in the Preparis Channel

Ruijie Ye Feng Zhou Xiao Ma Dingyong Zeng Feilong Lin Hongliang Li Chenggang Liu Soe Moe Lwin Hlaing Swe Win Soe Pyae Aung

Ruijie Ye, Feng Zhou, Xiao Ma, Dingyong Zeng, Feilong Lin, Hongliang Li, Chenggang Liu, Soe Moe Lwin, Hlaing Swe Win, Soe Pyae Aung. Observed characteristics of flow, water mass, and turbulent mixing in the Preparis Channel[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2023, 42(2): 83-93. doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2021-5
Citation: Ruijie Ye, Feng Zhou, Xiao Ma, Dingyong Zeng, Feilong Lin, Hongliang Li, Chenggang Liu, Soe Moe Lwin, Hlaing Swe Win, Soe Pyae Aung. Observed characteristics of flow, water mass, and turbulent mixing in the Preparis Channel[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2023, 42(2): 83-93. doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2021-5

doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2021-5

Observed characteristics of flow, water mass, and turbulent mixing in the Preparis Channel

Funds: The Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction II Project under contract Nos GASI-01-EIND-STwin and GASI-04-WLHY-03; the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources under contract No. JB2106; the Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction II Project under contract No. GASI-04-WLHY-01; the Leading Talents of Science and Technology Innovation in the Zhejiang Provincial Ten Thousand Talents Program under contract No. 2020R52038; the Oceanic Sustainability-Based Marine Science and Technology Cooperation in Maritime Silk Road and Island Countries.
More Information
    • 关键词:
    •  / 
    •  / 
    •  / 
    •  
  • Figure  1.  Location of in situ observation measurements and bathymetric map of the Preparis Channel. a. Bottom topography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea from the global bathymetry data with 1′ resolution (Smith and Sandwell, 1997); the black box indicates the study area. b. Bottom topography of the Preparis Channel; the red star marks the deep mooring, brown filled circles indicate the CTD/LADCP stations, and black dots denoting VMP stations; Sections 1 and 2 (cyan curves) are defined to evaluate the spatial distributions of water mass in the Preparis Channel. c. Expanded view of the bottom topography of the deep mooring station in the Preparis Channel; the dashed black line indicates the section topography displayed in Fig. 4b; the orange contour represents the 400-m isobath, and the magenta contour is the 600-m isobath.

    Figure  2.  Diurnal internal tides K1 (a) and O1 (b) and semidiurnal internal tides M2 (c) and S2 (d) measured by the moored upward-looking 300-kHz ADCP. The dashed line indicates zero velocity.

    Figure  3.  Detided along-stream (a) and cross-stream (b) velocities acquired by the moored upward-looking 300-kHz ADCP. The dashed line indicates zero velocity, and the reference coordinate of redecomposition is indicated in d; c. detided along-stream (red line) and cross-stream (black line) velocities acquired by the deepest instrument recording current meter (RCM); d. mean detided velocity vector obtained by the RCM, where the orange contour represents the 400-m isobaths, and the purple contour is the 600-m isobath.

    Figure  4.  Vertical profiles of the mean detided along-stream velocity vector in the Prepari Channel; the red arrows indicate the flow toward the BoB, and the blue arrows show the flow toward the AS (a); section of topography extracted along the dashed black line in Fig. 1c, based on the 1′-resolution global bathymetric data (Smith and Sandwell, 1997); the numbers are the estimated volume transports, and the horizontal dashed black lines indicate the boundaries of the transport layers (b).

    Figure  5.  Vertical sections of potential temperature (a), salinity (b), dissolved oxygen concentration (c), and turbidity (d) along Section 1 shown in Fig. 1b. The solid black contours indicate potential density, and green triangles with vertical dashed lines denote CTD profiles.

    Figure  6.  Vertical sections of potential temperature (a), salinity (b), dissolved oxygen concentration (c), and turbidity (d) along Section 2 shown in Fig. 1b. The solid black contours indicate potential density, and green triangles with vertical dashed lines denote CTD profiles.

    Figure  7.  T-S diagrams of water mass across the Preparis Channel. Dashed red and blue lines show the mean T-S profiles within the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal directly outside the channel, respectively, estimated from the World Ocean Database 2018 (WOD18). Solid lines with colors from blue to red indicate the profiles of CTD stations along Section 1 (a) and Section 2 (b) from the Bay of Bengal to the Andaman Sea. Red (blue) stars indicate depths of 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, 200 m, 300 m, and 500 m for the T-S profiles in the Andaman Sea (the Bay of Bengal).

    Figure  8.  Examples of shear spectra at different depths of turbulent mixing station S6 (shown in Fig. 1b). Shear wavenumber spectra (solid blue and red lines), the upper integration bound (dashed thin vertical red and blue lines), and the Namsyth spectra (thick dashed red and blue lines) are shown. PSD: power spectral density; cpm: cycle per meter.

    Figure  9.  From top to bottom: four sets of profiles of turbulent mixing stations S1, S6, S7, and S9 (shown in Fig. 1b). For each station, quantities plotted are (from left to right) potential density, shear variance (red) and buoyancy frequency squared (black), Richardson number (the vertical line for Ri=0.25), observed original (red line) and depth-averaged (black line) turbulent dissipation rates, and observed turbulent diffusivity (vertically averaged over 10-m bins).

    Figure  10.  Maps of depth-averaged (0–150 m) turbulent diffusivity (logarithmic scale) (a) and depth-integrated (0–300 m) turbulent dissipation rate (b) in the Preparis Channel.

  • Awasthi N, Ray J S, Singh A K, et al. 2014. Provenance of the Late Quaternary sediments in the Andaman Sea: implications for monsoon variability and ocean circulation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(10): 3890–3906,
    Boyer T P, Baranova O K, Coleman C, et al. 2018. World ocean database 2018. Silver Spring: NOAA
    Chandran S T, Raj S B, Ravindran S, et al. 2018. Upper layer circulation, hydrography, and biological response of the Andaman waters during winter monsoon based on in situ and satellite observations. Ocean Dynamics, 68(7): 801–815. doi: 10.1007/s10236-018-1160-x
    Chatterjee A, Shankar D, McCreary J P, et al. 2017. Dynamics of Andaman Sea circulation and its role in connecting the equatorial Indian Ocean to the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(4): 3200–3218. doi: 10.1002/2016JC012300
    Cheng Xuhua, Xie Shangping, McCreary J P, et al. 2013. Intraseasonal variability of sea surface height in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(2): 816–830. doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20075
    Furuichi T, Win Z, Wasson R J. 2009. Discharge and suspended sediment transport in the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar: centennial and decadal changes. Hydrological Processes, 23(11): 1631–1641. doi: 10.1002/hyp.7295
    Godin G. 1972. The Analysis of Tides. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 264
    Hacker P, Firing E, Hummon J, et al. 1998. Bay of Bengal currents during the Northeast Monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(15): 2769–2772. doi: 10.1029/98GL52115
    Hu Zhentao, Ma Xiao, Peng Yingyu, et al. 2022. A large subsurface anticyclonic eddy in the eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(3): e2021JC018130. doi: 10.1029/2021JC018130
    Jithin A K, Francis P A. 2020. Role of internal tide mixing in keeping the deep Andaman Sea warmer than the Bay of Bengal. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 11982. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68708-6
    Jithin A K, Francis P A. 2021. Formation of an intrathermocline eddy triggered by the coastal-trapped wave in the northern Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(12): e2021JC017725. doi: 10.1029/2021JC017725
    Jithin A K, Francis P A, Unnikrishnan A S, et al. 2020. Energetics and spatio-temporal variability of semidiurnal internal tides in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 189: 102444. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102444
    Ledwell J R, Montgomery E T, Polzin K L, et al. 2000. Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean. Nature, 403(6766): 179–182. doi: 10.1038/35003164
    Liao Jiawen, Peng Shiqiu, Wen Xixi. 2020. On the heat budget and water mass exchange in the Andaman Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 39(7): 32–41. doi: 10.1007/s13131-019-1627-8
    Liu J P, Kuehl S A, Pierce A C, et al. 2020. Fate of Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin Rivers Sediments in the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal. Marine Geology, 423: 106137. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106137
    Mashayek A, Salehipour H, Bouffard D, et al. 2017. Efficiency of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(12): 6296–6306. doi: 10.1002/2016GL072452
    Naveira Garabato A C, Polzin K L, King B A, et al. 2004. Widespread intense turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean. Science, 303(5655): 210–213. doi: 10.1126/science.1090929
    Osborn T R. 1980. Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10(1): 83–89. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<0083:EOTLRO>2.0.CO;2
    Peng Shiqiu, Liao, Jiawen, Wang, Xiaowei, et al. 2021. Energetics-Based estimation of the Diapycnal mixing induced by internal tides in the Andaman Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(4): e2020JC016521
    Peters H, Gregg M C, Toole J M. 1988. On the parameterization of equatorial turbulence. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 93(C2): 1199–1218. doi: 10.1029/JC093iC02p01199
    Polzin K L, Toole J M, Ledwell J R, et al. 1997. Spatial variability of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science, 276(5309): 93–96
    Qu Tangdong, Girton J B, Whitehead J A. 2006. Deepwater overflow through Luzon Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 111(C1): C01002
    Ramesh Babu V, Sastry J S. 1976. Hydrography of the Andaman Sea during late winter. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 5(2): 179–189
    Rizal S, Damm P, Wahid M A, et al. 2012. General circulation in the Malacca Strait and Andaman Sea: a numerical model study. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(5): 479–488. doi: 10.3844/ajessp.2012.479.488
    Robinson R A J, Bird M I, Oo N W, et al. 2007. The Irrawaddy River sediment flux to the Indian Ocean: the original nineteenth-century data revisited. The Journal of Geology, 115(6): 629–640. doi: 10.1086/521607
    Rodolfo K S. 1969. Bathymetry and marine geology of the Andaman Basin, and tectonic implications for Southeast Asia. GSA Bulletin, 80(7): 1203–1230. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1203:BAMGOT]2.0.CO;2
    Rodolfo K S. 1975. The Irrawaddy Delta: tertiary setting and modern offshore sedimentation. In: Broussard M L, ed. Deltas, Models for Exploration. 2nd ed. Houston: Houston Geological Society, 329–348
    Sarma V V S S, Narvekar P V. 2001. A study on inorganic carbon components in the Andaman Sea during the post monsoon season. Oceanologica Acta, 24(2): 125–134. doi: 10.1016/S0399-1784(00)01133-6
    Sen Gupta R, Moraes C, George M D, et al. 1981. Chemistry and hydrography of the Andaman Sea. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 10(3): 228–233
    Shay T J, Gregg M C. 1986. Convectively driven turbulent mixing in the upper ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 16(11): 1777–1798. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<1777:CDTMIT>2.0.CO;2
    Smith W H F, Sandwell D T. 1997. Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science, 277(5334): 1956–1962. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5334.1956
    Sprintall J, Gordon A L, Flament P, et al. 2012. Observations of exchange between the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117(5): C05036
    Tian Zhuangcai, Jia Yonggang, Zhang Shaotong, et al. 2019. Bottom and intermediate nepheloid layer induced by shoaling internal solitary waves: impacts of the angle of the wave group velocity vector and slope gradients. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124(8): 5686–5699. doi: 10.1029/2018JC014721
    Varkey M J, Murty V S N, Suryanarayana A. 1996. Physical oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. In: Ansell A D, Gibson R N, Barnes M, eds. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. London: Aberdeen University Press, 1–70
    Wain D J, Rehmann C R. 2010. Transport by an intrusion generated by boundary mixing in a lake. Water Resources Research, 46(8): W08517. doi: 10.1029/2009WR008391
    Wang Jianing, Wang Fan, Lu Youyu, et al. 2021. Pathways, volume transport, and seasonal variability of the lower deep limb of the Pacific Meridional overturning circulation at the Yap-Mariana Junction. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8: 672199. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.672199
    Ye Ruijie, Zhou Chun, Zhao Wei, et al. 2019. Variability in the deep overflow through the Heng-Chun Ridge of the Luzon Strait. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(3): 811–825. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-18-0113.1
    Zhao Wei, Zhou Chun, Tian Jiwei, et al. 2014. Deep water circulation in the Luzon Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119(2): 790–804. doi: 10.1002/2013JC009587
    Zhao Xiaolong, Zhou Chun, Zhao Wei, et al. 2016. Deepwater overflow observed by three bottom-anchored moorings in the Bashi Channel. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 110: 65–74. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2016.01.007
    Zhou Chun, Zhao Wei, Tian Jiwei, et al. 2014. Variability of the deep-water overflow in the Luzon Strait. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 44(11): 2972–2986. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0113.1
  • 加载中
图(10)
计量
  • 文章访问数:  788
  • HTML全文浏览量:  304
  • PDF下载量:  53
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2021-07-26
  • 录用日期:  2022-04-01
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-11-22
  • 刊出日期:  2023-02-25

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回