Tsunami hazard and mitigation analysis for bathing beaches in China based on numerical simulations
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Abstract: Bathing beaches are usually the first to suffer disasters when tsunamis occur, owing to their proximity to the sea. Several large seismic fault zones are located off the coast of China. The impact of each tsunami scenario on Chinese bathing beaches is different. In this study, numerical models of the worst tsunami scenarios associated with seismic fault zones were considered to assess the tsunami hazard of bathing beaches in China. Numerical results show that tsunami waves from the Pacific Ocean could affect the East China Sea coast through gaps between the Ryukyu Islands. The Zhejiang and Shanghai coasts would be threatened by a tsunami from Ryukyu Trench, and the coasts of Hainan and Guangdong provinces would be threatened by a tsunami from the Manila Trench. The tsunami hazard associated with the Philippine Trench scenario needs particular attention. Owing to China’s offshore topography, the sequential order of tsunami arrival times to coastal provinces in several tsunami scenarios is almost the same. According to the tsunami hazard analysis results, Yalongwan Beach and eight other bathing beaches are at the highest hazard level. A high-resolution numerical calculation model was established to analyze the tsunami physical characteristics for the high-risk bathing beaches. To explore mitigating effects of a tsunami disaster, this study simulated tsunami propagation with the addition of seawalls. The experimental results show that the tsunami prevention seawalls constructed in an appropriate shallow water location have some effect on reducing tsunami hazard. Seawalls separated by a certain distance work even better. The analysis results can provide a scientific reference for subsequent preventive measures such as facility construction and evacuation.
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Key words:
- tsunami /
- bathing beach /
- hazard /
- mitigation
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Table 1. Magnitudes and locations of tsunami sources
Location Latitude, longitude Mw Japan Trench 38.24°N, 142.37°E 9.0 Nankai Trough 31.83°N, 133.50°E 9.0 Ryukyu Trench 25.68°N, 128.81°E 9.0 Manila Trench 18.97°N, 120.57°E 9.0 Philippine Trench 13.70°N, 125.33°E 9.0 Mariana Trench 12.50°N, 142.50°E 9.0 
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Table 2. Parameters of Model A
Layer Bathymetric
dataRegional extent Governing
equationSpatial
resolutionLayer 1 ETOPO2 5.0°–52.0°N, linear 2' 99.0°–157.0°E Layer 2 SRTM plus15 34.7°–41.6°N, nonlinear (1/4)' 117.2°–124.9°E; 23.1°–34.7°N, 117.2°–123.5°E; 17.4°–24.1°N, 107.3°–117.1°E
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Table 3. Tsunami hazard level criteria
Hazard level Amplitude/m Color 1 >3 red 2 1–3 orange 3 0.3–1 yellow 4 <0.3 blue
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Table 4. The parameters of Layer 3
Layer Bathymetric
dataRegional extent Governing
equationsSpatial
resolutionLayer 3 nautical
chart29.8°–29.9°N,
122.4°–122.5°E;nonlinear (1/32)' 21.8°–22.0°N,
113.2°–113.3°E;
21.5°–21.6°N,
111.8°–111.9°E;
18.1°–18.3°N,
109.5°–109.7°E
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Table 5. The maximum amplitude and flow velocity of tsunami scenarios
Bathing beach City Parameters Japan Trench Nankai Trough Ryukyu Trench Manila Trench Philippine Trench Mariana Trench Zhujiajian Zhoushan Amplitude/m 1.1 4.4 5.2 0.8 3.2 5.0 Velocity/(m·s−1) 0.5 0.6 3.9 0.1 1.2 2.4 Dajiaowan Yangjiang Amplitude/m 0.4 0.9 1.4 6.5 1.4 2.2 Velocity/(m·s−1) 0.1 0.3 0.5 4.3 0.4 0.5 Feishatan Zhuhai Amplitude/m 0.5 0.7 1.1 7.1 1.2 1.4 Velocity/(m·s−1) 0.2 0.1 0.2 4.8 0.2 0.5 Yalongwan Sanya Amplitude/m 0.3 1.0 1.2 3.5 0.8 1.1 Velocity/(m·s−1) 0.1 0.4 0.5 2.2 0.2 0.5
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Table 6. Seawall experimental schemes
Length/m Width/m Height (msl)/m Offshore distance/m Shape Material Scheme 1 no additions no additions no additions no additions no additions no additions Scheme 2 70 30 10 400 cuboid concrete and plants 70 30 10 400 cuboid concrete and plants 70 30 10 400 cuboid concrete and plants 70 30 10 400 cuboid concrete and plants Scheme 3 280 30 10 400 cuboid concrete and plants Note: msl means mean sea level.
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Table 7. Numerical simulation parameters
Layer Bathymetric data Regional extent Equation Resolution Layer 1 ETOPO2 5°S–52°N, 99°–157°E linear 2' Layer 2 SRTM plus15 17.4°–24.1°N, 107.3°–117.1°E nonlinear (1/4)' Layer 3 nautical chart 21.5°–21.6°N, 111.8°–111.9°E nonlinear (1/32)' Layer 4 nautical chart 21.56°–21.58°N, 111.83°–111.85°E nonlinear (1/256)'
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