Velocity structure in the South Yellow Sea basin based on first-arrival tomography of wide-angle seismic data and its geological implications
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Abstract: The South Yellow Sea basin is filled with Mesozoic–Cenozoic continental sediments overlying pre-Palaeozoic and Mesozoic–Palaeozoic marine sediments. Conventional multi-channel seismic data cannot describe the velocity structure of the marine residual basin in detail, leading to the lack of a deeper understanding of the distribution and lithology owing to strong energy shielding on the top interface of marine sediments. In this study, we present seismic tomography data from ocean bottom seismographs that describe the NEE-trending velocity distributions of the basin. The results indicate that strong velocity variations occur at shallow crustal levels. Horizontal velocity bodies show good correlation with surface geological features, and multi-layer features exist in the vertical velocity framework (depth: 0–10 km). The analyses of the velocity model, gravity data, magnetic data, multi-channel seismic profiles, and drilling data showed that high-velocity anomalies (>6.5 km/s) of small (thickness: 1–2 km) and large (thickness: >5 km) scales were caused by igneous complexes in the multi-layer structure, which were active during the Palaeogene. Possible locations of good Mesozoic and Palaeozoic marine strata are limited to the Central Uplift and the western part of the Northern Depression along the wide-angle ocean bottom seismograph array. Following the Indosinian movement, a strong compression existed in the Northern Depression during the extensional phase that caused the formation of folds in the middle of the survey line. This study is useful for reconstructing the regional tectonic evolution and delineating the distribution of the marine residual basin in the South Yellow Sea basin.
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Figure 1. An overview of the study area and data. a. Location of the South Yellow Sea and the survey lines; b. layout of the effective ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) stations and wells in the tectonic units. Well locations are from Shinn et al. (2010) and Wu et al. (2019); inferred faults are from Hao et al. (2002); QU, Qianliyan Uplift; ND, Northern Depression; CU, Central Uplift; SD, Southern Depression; WU, Wunansha Uplift; NCB, North China Block; YB, Yangtze Block.
Figure 2. Profile and time fitting of OBS C01. a. OBS C01 profile; the reduced velocity is 6 km/s; b. picking first-arrival time (red lines) and theoretical calculation travel time (black lines) based on the final velocity model; c. raypaths used in the inversion.
Figure 3. Profile and time fitting of OBS C04. a. OBS C04 profile; the reduced velocity is 6 km/s; b. picking first-arrival time (red lines) and theoretical calculation travel time (black lines) based on the final velocity model; c. raypaths used in the inversion.
Figure 4. Profile and time fitting of OBS C07. a. OBS C07 profile; the reduced velocity is 6 km/s; b. picking first-arrival time (red lines) and theoretical calculation travel time (black lines) based on the final velocity model; c. raypaths used in the inversion.
Figure 5. Profile and time fitting of OBS C17. a. OBS C17 profile; the reduced velocity is 6 km/s; b. picking first-arrival time (red lines) and theoretical calculation travel time (black lines) based on the final velocity model; c. raypaths used in the inversion.
Figure 6. Profile and time fitting of OBS K07. a. OBS K07 profile; the reduced velocity is 6 km/s; b. picking first-arrival time (red lines) and theoretical calculation travel time (black lines) based on the final velocity model; c. raypaths used in the inversion.
Figure 7. Picking first-arrival time (color lines) on the OBS gathers and theoretical calculation travel time (black lines) based on the final velocity model (Fig. 8c). Triangles, OBS stations of OBS2016.
Figure 8. Magnetic and gravity anomaly and tomographic velocity model beneath OBS2016. a. Magnetic and gravity anomaly (Zhang et al., 2022); b. initial velocity model; c. inverted seismic velocity with contours showing the velocity values (6.5 km/s, black lines); d. ray-paths (black lines) in the inverted velocity; e. differential velocity calculated by the inverted velocity from the initial velocity model with contours showing the velocity values (0 km/s, green lines). Triangles, OBS stations of OBS2016.
Figure 9. Travel-time residuals of the final model. Bin are 30-ms wide; picks refer to the number of observations.
Figure 10. The checkerboard test for the tomography. a. High- and low-velocity perturbations; b. the reconstructed checker-board velocity model. The checker-board sizes: 25 km×2 km.
Figure 11. Joint interpretation of the velocity model and multi-channel seismic reflection. a. AA' multi-channel time seismic-reflection profile across the OBS2016; b. AA' multi-channel time seismic-reflection profile with geological interpretation; c. inversion velocity model; d. overlapped profiles of seismic velocity beneath parts of the OBS2016 and depth seismic-reflection profile. Q: Quaternary; N: Neogene; the gray transparent lines T2 and T8 is the bottom interface of the Neogene and continental basin, respectively; CDP: common depth point.
Figure 12. Joint interpretation of the velocity model and multi-channel seismic reflection. a. BB' multi-channel time seismic-reflection profile alongside the OBS2016; b. BB' multi-channel time seismic-reflection profile with geological interpretation; c. inversion velocity model; d. overlapped profiles of seismic velocity beneath parts of the OBS2016 and depth seismic-reflection profile; e. faults in part of BB' multi-channel time seismic-reflection profile. Q: Quaternary; N: Neogene; the gray transparent line T2 and T8 is the bottom interface of the Neogene and continental basin, respectively; CDP: common depth point.
Figure 13. Joint interpretation of the well and the multi-channel seismic reflection data. a. Disordered events in BB' multi-channel time seismic-reflection profile; b. time seismic-reflection profile from the BB'; c. Kachi-1 well information; d. depth seismic-reflection profile from the BB'. Q: Quaternary; N: Neogene; the gray transparent line T2 in a is the bottom interface of the Neogene; Trias.: Triassic; CDP: common depth point.
Figure 14. Joint interpretation of the velocity model and multi-channel seismic reflection. a. CC' multi-channel seismic reflection profile alongside the OBS2016; b. CC' multi-channel seismic reflection profile with geological interpretation; c. the local of the inversion velocity model; d. the local of the multi-channel seismic reflection profile (CC'). Q: Quaternary; N: Neogene; the gray transparent line T2 and T8 in b and d is the bottom interface of the Neogene and continental basin, respectively; CDP: common depth point.
Figure 15. Simplified graph of igneous activities and related geological processes in the Northern Depression of the South Yellow Sea basin. a. Pre-existing strata structure; b. forming folds in the strata; c. Strata denudation; d. restoring to accept sedimentation; e. igneous activities to the west; f. igneous activities model to the east. Red trees are the igneous activities; the black dashed lines indicate the fault.
Table 1. Strata velocity parameters calculated by vertical seismic profile data (after Wu et al. (2019))
Depth/m (from the seafloor) System Formation Vp/(m∙s−1) (max−min/average) 629 Cenozoic N+Q 1 600–2 332/1 803 863 Triassic T1q 4 341–6 157/5 387 915 Upper Paleozoic P3d 4 770–5 543/4 889 1 636 P3l 3 605–4 815/4 212 1 649 P2g 4 108–4 239/4 174 1 735 P2q 4 108–5 038/4 308 1 818 C3c 5 678–6 475/5 837 1 960 C2h 5 170–6 676/5 715 2 020 C1g 4 411–5 262/4 636 2 350 D3w 4 542–5 903/4 812 2 843.4 Lower Paleozoic S1 4 586–5 820/4 922 Note: Vp represents P-wave velocity. 
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