Construction and analysis of a coral reef trophic network for Qilianyu Islands, Xisha Islands

Xiaofan Hong; Zuozhi Chen; Jun Zhang; Yan’e Jiang; Yuyan Gong; Yancong Cai; Yutao Yang

doi:10.1007/s13131-022-2047-8

doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2047-8

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-08-20
- 录用日期: 2022-04-22
- 网络出版日期: 2022-09-02
- 刊出日期: 2022-12-30

Construction and analysis of a coral reef trophic network for Qilianyu Islands, Xisha Islands

Xiaofan Hong^{1, 2, 3},
Zuozhi Chen^{1, 2
, ,},
Jun Zhang^{1, 2},
Yan’e Jiang^{1, 2},
Yuyan Gong^{1, 2},
Yancong Cai^{1, 2},
Yutao Yang^{1, 2, 3}

1.
Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Open-sea Fishery of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
2.
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
3.
College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China

Funds: The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No. 2018YFC1406502; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 31902374; the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) under contract No. GML2019ZD0605; the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences under contract No. 2020TD05.

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: chenzuozhi@scsfri.ac.cn

摘要

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Abstract: Qilianyu Islands coral reefs (QICR), located in the northeastern part of the South China Sea, has been affected by human activities and natural disturbance. To characterize the trophic structure, ecosystem properties and keystone species of this region, a food-web model for the QICR is developed using methods involving a mass-balance approach with Ecopath with Ecosim software. Trophic levels range from 1.00 for detritus and primary producers to 3.80 for chondrichthyes. The mean trophic transfer efficiency for the entire ecosystem is 13.15%, with 55% of total energy flow originating from primary producers. A mixed trophic impact analysis indicates that coral strongly impacts most components of this ecosystem. A comparison of our QICR model with that for other coral reef ecosystems suggests that the QICR ecosystem is immature and/or is degraded.
- South China Sea /
- Qilianyu Islands /
- coral reef /
- Ecopath model /
- food webs /
- ecosystem characteristic

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Figure 1. The study area (a) and the locations of the sampling stations (b). Black triangle markers are the sampling stations; red dotted lines represent the rang of table reefs.

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Figure 2. Qilianyu Islands coral reefs ecosystem flow diagram. Circles are proportional to the functional group biomass in the system.

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Figure 3. Lindeman spine representing of trophic flows from Qilianyu Islands coral reefs Ecopath model. P: primary producers; D: detritus; II–V: trophic levels; TST: total system throughput; TE: transfer efficiencies; TL: trophic level.

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Figure 4. Qilianyu Islands coral reefs Ecopath model plot of functional group niche overlap. Point colors represent geometric mean of “prey overlap index” and “predator overlap index” (color scale to right); functional groups: 4, 7 small carnivorous and herbivorous fish; 14, 15 coral and zooplankton; 11, 13 other echinoderms and crustaceans.

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Figure 5. Qilianyu Islands coral reefs model mixed trophic impact analysis. Positive (blue) and negative (red) values of mixed trophic impact index represent positive and negative effects, respectively. LCF, large carnivorous fish; MCF, medium carnivorous fish; SCF, small carnivorous fish; OF, omnivorous fish; CEF, coral-eating fish; HF, herbivorous fish; CTS, crown of thorns starfish; OE, other echinoderms; OM, other mollusca; SBI, small benthic invertebrates.

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Figure 6. Keystone index for Qilianyu Islands coral reefs model functional groups. For each functional group, the keystone index (y-axis) is reported against their relative total impact on the trophic web (x-axis). Overall effects are relative to the maximum effect measured; the x-axis scale is between 0.0 and 1.0. The functional groups are ordered by decreasing keystone index; therefore, the key functional groups are those ranking among the first groups. Circles are proportional to the functional group biomass in the system.

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Table 1. Qilianyu Islands coral reefs Ecopath model functional groups

Group name	Composition of dominant species
Chondrichthyes	ray, skate, shark
Large carnivorous fish	Aprion virescens, Pristipomoides filamentosus, Aphareus rutilans, large grouper, etc.
Medium carnivorous fish	Labridae, Lethrinidae, Priacanthidae, Mullidae, etc.
Small carnivorous fish	Holocentridae, Apogonidae, Cephalopholis, Epinephelus merra, etc.
Omnivorous fish	Pomacentridae, Balistidae, etc.
Coral-eating fish	Scaridae, Chaetodontidae, etc.
Herbivorous fish	Pomacanthidae, Acanthuridae, Siganus, etc.
Turtles	Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Dermochelys coriacea, etc.
Crown-of-thorns starfish	Acanthaster planci
Giant triton	Charonia tritonis
Other echinoderms	urchin, cucumber, brittle star, starsish
Other mollusca	bivalve, snail, etc.
Crustaceans	crab & shrimp
Coral	Pocillopora damicornis, Pocillopora verrucosa, Acropora humilis, Porites lutea, etc.
Zooplankton	copepoda, planula, juvenile fish, etc.
Small benthic invertebrates	polychaeta, etc.
Macroalgae	coralline algae
Turf	turf
Phytoplankton	Bacillariopyta, Pyrrophyta, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta, etc.
Detritus	particulate organic carbon & dissolved organic carbon

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Table 2. Estimates of Qilianyu Islands coral reefs ecosystem food intake for trophic groups

No.	Prey (predator)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
1	chondrichthyes	0.01	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2	large carnivorous fish	0.05	0.008	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
3	medium carnivorous fish	0.14	0.1	0.009	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
4	small carnivorous fish	0.12	0.12	0.13	0.03	0.019	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
5	omnivorous fish	0.12	0.05	0.06	0.02	0.01	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.005	0	0	0
6	coral-eating fish	0.1	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.06	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
7	herbivorous fish	0.1	0.19	0.16	0.03	0.05	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.005	0	0	0
8	turtles	0.001	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
9	crown-of-thorns starfish	0	0.001	0.001	0	0.001	0	0	0	0	0.15	0	0	0.001	0	0	0
10	giant triton	1×10⁻⁵	0.000 5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
11	other echinoderms	0	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.05	0	0	0	0	0.4	0	0	0.005	0	0	0
12	other mollusca	0.05	0.1	0.12	0.1	0.1	0	0	0.1	0	0.3	0	0.01	0.05	0	0	0
13	crustaceans	0.12	0.12	0.14	0.15	0.12	0	0	0.05	0	0	0	0	0.012	0	0	0
14	coral	0	0	0	0	0.05	0.4	0.1	0	0.8	0	0.05	0.06	0	0	0	0
15	zooplankton	0	0	0	0.28	0.1	0	0.05	0.1	0	0.15	0.15	0.25	0.2	0.1	0.01	0.1
16	small benthic invertebrates	0	0.05	0.18	0.2	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0.05	0	0.133	0	0	0
17	macroalgae	0	0	0	0	0.13	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.07	0	0.2	0.2	0.1	0	0.05	0
18	turf	0	0	0	0	0.11	0.15	0.3	0.4	0.03	0	0.15	0.16	0.135	0	0.09	0
19	phytoplankton	0	0	0	0.03	0	0	0.1	0	0.1	0	0.12	0.22	0.154	0.3	0.6	0.15
20	detritus	0	0	0	0.1	0.1	0.15	0.15	0	0	0	0.28	0.1	0.2	0.4	0.25	0.75
Import		0.189	0.150 05	0.1	0	0	0	0	0.05	0	0	0	0	0	0.2	0	0
Sum		1.000 01	0.999 55	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1

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Table 3. Basic Ecopath model functional group input and estimated output parameters

No.	Group name	TL	B/(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	P:B/(a⁻¹)	Q:B/(a⁻¹)	Un. Q	Catch	EE	P/Q	NE	OI
1	chondrichthyes	3.80	0.097	0.25	4.72	0.20	−	0.189	0.05	0.07	0.41
2	large carnivorous fish	3.57	0.430	0.79	6.64	0.20	0.200	0.723	0.12	0.15	0.30
3	medium carnivorous fish	3.42	3.781	1.00	8.50	0.20	2.500	0.830	0.12	0.15	0.16
4	small carnivorous fish	3.07	1.700	4.00	13.50	0.20	0.800	0.942	0.30	0.37	0.22
5	omnivorous fish	2.84	1.103	4.50	16.30	0.20	1.500	0.981	0.28	0.35	0.40
6	coral-eating fish	2.45	1.415	2.40	20.00	0.20	0.200	0.878	0.12	0.15	0.30
7	herbivorous fish	2.16	8.156	3.00	28.00	0.40	1.800	0.397	0.11	0.18	0.15
8	turtles	2.32	0.020	0.14	3.50	0.20	0.002	0.878	0.04	0.05	0.29
9	crown-of-thorns starfish	2.90	0.485	1.20	5.00	0.20	−	0.300	0.24	0.30	0.20
10	giant triton	3.34	0.002	1.22	4.08	0.20	0.001	0.950	0.30	0.37	0.07
11	other echinoderms	2.26	3.035	2.20	7.80	0.20	0.500	0.786	0.28	0.35	0.21
12	other mollusca	2.33	8.700	2.50	5.60	0.20	6.000	0.955	0.45	0.56	0.24
13	crustaceans	2.46	4.300	3.20	28.00	0.25	0.500	0.904	0.11	0.15	0.31
14	coral	2.13	19.574	3.00	10.00	0.20	−	0.700	0.30	0.38	0.13
15	zooplankton	2.01	3.510	76.00	242.50	0.30	−	0.416	0.31	0.45	0.01
16	small benthic invertebrates	2.10	3.911	12.00	60.00	0.25	−	0.629	0.20	0.27	0.09
17	macroalgae	1.00	22.000	18.00	−	−	−	0.375	−	−	−
18	turf	1.00	30.000	25.00	−	−	−	0.239	−	−	−
19	phytoplankton	1.00	8.817	231.00	−	−	−	0.324	−	−	−
20	detritus	1.00	315.000	−	−	−	−	0.187	−	−	0.24
Note: B: biomass; OI: omnivory index; TL: trophic level; P/B: production/biomass; Q/B: consumption/biomass; Un. Q: unassim. consumption; EE: ecotrophic efficiency; P/Q: production/consumption; NE: net efficiency. Values in bold are estimated by the present model. − reprsents no data.

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Table 4. Distribution of Qilianyu Islands coral reefs ecosystem flow

Trophic level
Trophic level	Consumption by predators	Export	Flow to detritus	Respiration	Throughput
V	0.070	0.125	0.406	1.196	1.798
IV	1.650	1.220	6.121	15.040	24.030
III	23.730	5.445	56.840	110.500	196.500
II	194.700	7.207	658.500	713.600	1 574.000
I	1 533.000	2 371.000	2 195.000	0.000	6 099.000
Sum	1 754.000	2 385.000	2 916.000	840.400	7 896.000

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Table 5. Transfer efficiency of Qilianyu Islands coral reefs ecosystem trophic levels

Source	Trophic level
Source	II	III	IV	V
Producer	12.37	15.53	11.84	11.1
Detritus	13.64	13.73	12.13	10.43
All flows	12.83	14.84	11.94	10.87
Note: Proportion of total flow originating from detritus: 0.45; transfer efficiencies (mTE, calculated as geometric mean for TL II–IV); from primary producers: 13.15%; from detritus: 13.14%; total: 13.15%.

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Table 6. Comparison of Qilianyu Islands coral reefs ecosystem characteristics with other coral reefs

Area	Qilianyu Islands	Hawaii Island	Cocos Island	Darwin &Wolf Island	Nanwan Bay	Uvea Atoll	Caribbean Sea
Area	Qilianyu Islands	Hawaii Island	Cocos Island	Darwin &Wolf Island	Nanwan Bay	Uvea Atoll	Cayos Cochinos	Media Luna
Group number	20	26	31	32	18	25	22	21
Sum of all consumption/(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	1 810	5 332	22 978	8 880	8 373	292	31 013	27 381
Sum of all exports/(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	2 385	520	20	344	16 200	185	81 700	9 779
Sum of all respiratory flows/(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	840	3 477	12 050	5 278	4 629	86	17 096	16 264
Sum of all flows into detritus/(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	2 916	1 700	6 136	2 151	20 115	346	90	17 881
TST/(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	7 952	11 030	41 184	16 652	49 317	909	220 232	71 305
Sum of all production/(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	3 642	−	978	5 235	21 553	325	10 6510	31 684
TLc	2.62	2.59	3.55	3.02	2.40	3.50	3.64	2.97
GE	0.00 4	0.000 09	2.00×10⁻⁶	0.001	0.000 36	0.000 15	1.01×10⁻⁹	1.20×10⁻⁵
Net p.p./(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	3 182.73	3 895.09	4 583.59	3 408.00	20 199.00	265.30	98 796.00	26 043.00
TPP/TR	3.79	1.12	0.38	0.65	4.40	3.10	5.78	1.60
NSP/(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	2 342.30	417.78	−7 466.37	−1 898.00	15 570.00	179.40	81 700.00	9 779.00
TPP/TB	26.30	5.57	2.32	3.64	9.90	19.95	11.82	10.21
TB:TST/(a⁻¹)	0.015	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.04	0.01	0.04	0.04
Total catch/(t·km⁻²·a⁻¹)	14.003	0.350	0.010	3.841	7.300	0.039	1.00×10⁻⁴	0.311
CI	0.33	−	0.17	0.15	−	−	0.30	0.26
SOI	0.21	−	0.40	0.32	−	−	0.21	0.20
FCI/%	3.64	6.13	6.50	4.75	3.50	−	1.60	6.95
MPL	2.47	−	−	−	−	−	6.65	5.65
A:C/%	27.71	31.50	24.80	29.80	−	−	47.00	31.00
mTE/%	13.15	−	12.20	10.70	7.80	−	−	−
Note: GE: Gross efficiency (total catch/net p.p.); net p.p.: calculated total net primary production; NSP: net system production; TST: total system throughput; TLc: mean trophic level of the catch; TPP/TR: total primary production/total respiration; NSP: net system production; TPP/TB: total primary production/total biomass; TB/TST: total biomass/total throughput; CI: connectance index; SOI: system omnivory index; FCI: Finn's cycling index; MPL: Finn's mean path length; A/C: ascendency/capacity; mTE: mean transfer efficiencies. −represent no data.

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doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2047-8

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Construction and analysis of a coral reef trophic network for Qilianyu Islands, Xisha Islands

Corresponding author: E-mail: chenzuozhi@scsfri.ac.cn

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