Ecological evaluation of marine macroalgal communities on five islands of Korea in the Yellow Sea
-
Abstract: Macroalgae have long been used as biological indicators of marine ecosystem health worldwide due to their ecological importance and sensitivity to environmental stress. A number of previous studies have utilized macroalgal communities in monitoring surveys of environmental conditions. This study examined the characteristics and patterns of marine macroalgal communities in the Yellow Sea off the western coast of Korea. Macroalgae were analyzed for the number of species, biomass, and coverage ratio by macroalgal type. During the study period, 82 macroalgal species (10 green algae, 17 brown algae, and 55 red algae) were identified at the five study sites, with the highest number of species found at Gwanrido and Uido (both containing 41 species) and the lowest at Daeijakdo (27 species). The average biomass (via dry weight) was 98.63 g/m2, consisting of green algae (8.39 g/m2), brown algae (35.08 g/m2), and red algae (55.16 g/m2). The dominant macroalgae species in terms of biomass were Corallina pilulifera, Sargassum thunbergii, and Ulva australis in the intertidal zones, and Botryocladia wrightii and Gelidium elegans in the subtidal zones. Richness, evenness, and diversity indices based on the biomass of abundant species were 5.08, 0.65, and 2.30, respectively, over the entire study area. Based on the evaluation of the environmental states by the community indices, overall, the Ecological Evaluation Index of macroalgae communities in the study area was marked as “Good-Moderate”, but was determined as “Moderate-Low” at several sites during summer. The results can be a direct approach in the assessment of coastal habitats in which anthropogenic as well as climate change influences persist.
-
Figure 1. Map showing the five study sites located along the western coasts of Korea. DJD: Daeijakdo; GBD: Gyeokryeolbiyeoldo; HD: Hodo; GD: Gwanrido; UD: Uido.
Figure 2. Mean biomass (dry weight) of macroalgae in each taxonomic group across the five study sites along the western coast of Korea. a. Mean biomass combining intertidal and subtidal zones; b. mean biomass in the intertidal zone; c. mean biomass in the subtidal zone. DJD: Daeijakdo; GBD: Gyeokryeolbiyeoldo; HD: Hodo; GD: Gwanrido; UD: Uido. Error bars indicate standard deviation.
Table 1. Ecological Status Class (ESC) boundaries of transitional and coastal waters based on the Ecological Evaluation Index continuous formula (EEI-c)
ESC EEI-c (mean±SD) High (H) 9.72±0.46 Good-High (G-H) 8.09±0.74 Good-Moderate (G-M) 5.84±0.70 Moderate-Low (M-L) 4.04±0.68 Bad (B) 2.34±0.78 
下载: 导出CSV
Table 2. Number of macroalgal species observed at the five study sites along the western coast of Korea
Site Taxon Intertidal zone Subtidal zone Total Spring Summer Spring Summer
DJDChlorophyta 2 1 2 1 3 Ochrophyta − − 4 3 5 Rhodophyta 5 6 5 13 19 Subtotal 7 7 11 17 27
GBDChlorophyta 4 − − − 4 Ochrophyta 5 2 1 1 6 Rhodophyta 12 7 8 13 25 Subtotal 21 9 9 14 35
HDChlorophyta 4 2 1 − 5 Ochrophyta 3 2 1 1 4 Rhodophyta 8 8 9 10 25 Subtotal 15 12 11 11 34
GDChlorophyta 4 4 3 1 8 Ochrophyta 5 2 4 5 11 Rhodophyta 7 5 16 8 22 Subtotal 16 11 23 14 41
UDChlorophyta 2 1 1 2 3 Ochrophyta 2 4 − 3 6 Rhodophyta 18 17 13 19 32 Subtotal 22 22 14 24 41 Note: DJD: Daeijakdo; GBD: Gyeokryeolbiyeoldo; HD: Hodo; GD: Gwanrido; UD: Uido. − represents no data.
下载: 导出CSV
Table 3. Dominant (≥30%) and subdominant (10%−30%) species in terms of percentage of average biomass at both the intertidal zone and subtidal zone of five study sites along the western coast of Korea
Site Intertidal zone Subtidal zone DJD Ulva australis (51.41%)
Chondrus pinnulatus (13.46%)
Polyopes affinis (13.01%)Gelidium elegans (32.02%)
Chondrus pinnulatus (13.75%)GBD Gelidiophycus freshwateri (27.99%)
Corallina pilulifera (24.88%)
Chondria atropurpurea (24.67%)Botryocladia wrightii (27.44%)
Gelidium elegans (21.29%)
Rhodymenia intricata (14.49%)HD Sargassum thunbergii (48.13%)
Myelophycus simplex (12.85%)Botryocladia wrightii (22.46%)
Rhodymenia intricata (18.47%)
Gelidium elegans (14.67%)
Chondracanthus tenellus (11.37%)GD Sargassum thunbergii (66.85%) Myagropsis myagroides (23.40%)
Sargassum miyabei (22.37%)
Campylaephora hypnaeoides (13.00%)UD Corallina pilulifera (45.46%)
Ulva australis (34.63%)Gelidium vagum (57.23%)
Haraldiophyllum bonnemaisonii (12.16%)Note: DJD: Daeijakdo; GBD: Gyeokryeolbiyeoldo; HD: Hodo; GD: Gwanrido; UD: Uido.
下载: 导出CSV
Table 4. Community indices in each intertidal and subtidal zone of five study sites in the western coast of Korea
Community indices DJD GBD HD GD UD Inter Sub Inter Sub Inter Sub Inter Sub Inter Sub Richness 2.32 3.24 3.71 3.17 3.62 2.89 2.80 4.52 5.31 5.03 Evenness 0.64 0.75 0.57 0.70 0.60 0.73 0.46 0.70 0.42 0.45 Diversity 1.59 2.33 1.85 2.04 1.91 2.06 1.39 2.35 1.44 1.53 Dominance 0.65 0.46 0.53 0.49 0.61 0.41 0.75 0.46 0.80 0.69 Note: DJD: Daeijakdo; GBD: Gyeokryeolbiyeoldo; HD: Hodo; GD: Gwanrido; UD: Uido; Inter: intertidal zone; Sub: subtidal zone.
下载: 导出CSV
Table 5. Ecological Status Class (ESC) evaluation results of macroalgal community using Ecological Evaluation Index continuous formula (EEI-c) based on ground coverage of macroalgal species
Content DJD GBD HD GD UD Inter Sub Inter Sub Inter Sub Inter Sub Inter Sub Spring ESG I 0.00 4.80 10.43 2.10 8.70 3.40 30.18 7.05 3.88 8.54 ESG II 2.78 8.90 12.05 12.05 11.50 10.00 9.88 10.18 5.04 45.08 EEI-c 5.50 5.42 5.67 4.91 5.56 5.20 7.50 5.52 5.67 3.25 ESC G-M G-M G-M M-L G-M G-M G-H G-M G-M B EEI-c per site 5.46 5.29 5.38 6.51 4.46 ESC per site G-M G-M G-M G-M M-L Summer ESG I 2.00 16.20 3.43 2.57 5.33 1.50 5.80 11.60 7.92 11.63 ESG II 18.40 29.45 34.13 6.80 3.73 6.20 7.57 10.90 13.88 41.02 EEI-c 4.41 4.86 3.45 5.39 5.92 5.34 5.63 5.87 5.30 3.74 ESC M-L M-L M-L G-M G-M G-M G-M G-M G-M M-L EEI-c per site 4.64 4.42 5.63 5.75 4.52 ESC per site M-L M-L G-M G-M M-L Note: DJD: Daeijakdo; GBD: Gyeokryeolbiyeoldo; HD: Hodo; GD: Gwanrido; UD: Uido; Inter: intertidal zone; Sub: subtidal zone; G-H: Good-High; G-M: Good-Moderate; M-L: Moderate-Low; B: Bad.
下载: 导出CSV
Table 6. Comparison of the number of species in each macroalgae taxonomic groups along the western sea of Korea
Tidal level Site Season Species Reference C O R Total Inter+Sub Bunjeomdoa Wi, Sp, Su, Au 9 8 37 54 Yoo and Kim (2003) Ongdoa Wi, Su 2 4 26 32 Heo et al. (2011) Jusamdob Wi, Su 4 9 32 45 Heo et al. (2011) Woejodob Wi, Su 2 6 36 44 Heo et al. (2011) Eocheongdoa Wi, Sp, Su, Au 12 23 66 101 Kim et al. (2013a) Daeijakdoa Sp, Su 3 5 19 27 this study Gyeokryeolbiyeoldoa Sp, Su 4 6 25 35 this study Hodoa Sp, Su 5 4 25 34 this study Gwanridob Sp, Su 8 11 22 41 this study Uidob Sp, Su 3 6 32 41 this study Inter Bagryoungdoa Wi, Sp, Su, Au 6 6 29 41 Baek et al. (2007) Sapsidoa Wi, Sp, Su, Au 12 30 58 100 Yoon and Boo (1991) Oeyondoa Wi, Sp, Su, Au 16 27 79 122 Cho and Boo (1996)* Sinangun UI.b Su 11 16 36 63 Oh et al. (2005) Dochogundob Su 10 14 29 53 Park et al. (2007) Deokjeokdoa Wi, Sp, Su, Au 2 2 17 21 Lee et al. (2007) Gogunsangundob Wi, Sp, Su, Au 10 16 32 58 Kim et al. (2011) Note: *Monthly basis sampling; superscripts of a and b indicate the study sites of middle and southern parts, respectively. Inter: intertidal zone; Sub: subtidal zone; Wi: winter; Sp: spring; Su: Summer; Au: Autumn; C: Chlorophyta; O: Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae); R: Rhodophyta.
下载: 导出CSV
-
Ahn J K, Yoo K D, Oh J C, et al. 2017. Species composition and vertical distribution of marine algal communities at the Taean Peninsula of the west coast of Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50(1): 55–64. doi: 10.5657/KFAS.2017.0055 Akrong M O, Anning A K, Addico G N D, et al. 2021. Spatio-temporal variations in seaweed diversity and abundance of selected coastal areas in Ghana. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 44: 101719. doi: 10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101719 Baek J M, Hwang M S, Lee J W, et al. 2007. The macroalgal community of Bagryoungdo Island in Korea. Algae (in Korean), 22(2): 117–123. doi: 10.4490/ALGAE.2007.22.2.117 Best E P H, Buzzelli C P, Bartell S M, et al. 2001. Modeling submersed macrophyte growth in relation to underwater light climate: modeling approaches and application potential. Hydrobiologia, 444(1): 43–70. doi: 10.1023/A:1017564632427 Caldeira A Q, De Paula J C, Reis R P, et al. 2017. Structural and functional losses in macroalgal assemblages in a southeastern Brazilian bay over more than a decade. Ecological Indicators, 75: 242–248. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.029 Chabane K, Bahbah L, Seridi H. 2018. Ecological quality status of the Algiers coastal waters by using macroalgae assemblages as bioindicators (Algeria, Mediterranean Sea). Mediterranean Marine Science, 19(2): 305–315. doi: 10.12681/mms.15951 Cheney D P. 1977. A new and improved ratio for comparing seaweed floras. Journal of Phycology, 13(S1): 12 Cho T O, Boo S M. 1996. Seasonal changes of marine plants in Oeyondo Island on the Yellow Sea. Algae (in Korean), 11(3): 285–293 Choi D S, Kim K Y, Lee W J, et al. 1994. Marine algal flora and community structure of Uido Island, west-southern coast of Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology (in Korean), 12: 65–75 Choi H G, Lee K H, Wan X Q, et al. 2008. Temporal variations in seaweed biomass in Korean coasts: Woejodo and Jusamdo, Jeonbuk. Algae (in Korean), 23(4): 335–342. doi: 10.4490/ALGAE.2008.23.4.335 Choi C G, Rho H S. 2010. Marine algal community of Ulsan, on the eastern coast of Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 43(3): 246–253. doi: 10.5657/kfas.2010.43.3.246 Clarke K R, Gorley R N. 2006. PRIMER V6: User Manual/Tutorial. Plymouth, UK: PRIMER-E Ltd Cohen C, Fowler J. 1990. Practical Statistics for Field Biology. Maidenhead: Open University Press Edwards M S, Connell S D. 2012. Competition, a major factor structuring seaweed communities. In: Wiencke C, Bischof K, eds. Seaweed Biology. Berlin: Springer, 135–156 Guiry M D, Guiry G M. 2021. AlgaeBase. http://www.Algaebase.org[2021-10-08] Heo J S, Park S K, Yoo H I, et al. 2011. Macroalgal community structure on the rocky shores of Ongdo, Jusamdo and Woejodo islands of the Yellow Sea. Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 14(4): 389–397. doi: 10.5657/FAS.2011.0389 Hwang E K, Park C S, Sohn C H, et al. 1996. Analysis of functional form groups in macroalgal community of Yonggwang vicinity, western coast of Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (in Korean), 29(1): 97–106 Juanes J A, Guinda X, Puente A, et al. 2008. Macroalgae, a suitable indicator of the ecological status of coastal rocky communities in the NE Atlantic. Ecological Indicator, 8(4): 351–359. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.04.005 Jung R H, Hwang D W, Kim Y G, et al. 2010. Temporal variations in the sedimentation rate and benthic environment of intertidal surface sediments around Byeonsan Peninsula, Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science (in Korean), 43(6): 723–734. doi: 10.5657/kfas.2010.43.6.723 Jung S W, Rho H S, Choi C G. 2020. Characteristics and ecosystem changes of marine algal communities in Wangdol-cho on the east coast of Korea. Ocean Science Journal, 55(4): 549–562. doi: 10.1007/s12601-020-0034-6 Kang J W. 1966. On the geographical distribution of marine algae in Korea. Bulletin of Pusan Fisheries College, 7: 1–125 Kim H S, Boo S M, Lee I K, et al. 2013a. National List of Species of Korea: Marine Algae. Incheon: National Institute of Biological Resources Kim B Y, Kim W S, Choi H G. 2010. Seasonal variability of seaweed biomass along the vertical shore gradients of Nachido and Odo islands, the Yellow Sea, Korea. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(4): 324–331. doi: 10.5657/fas.2010.13.4.324 Kim J H, Ko Y D, Kim Y S, et al. 2011. Marine algal flora and community structure of Gogunsan islands outside the Saemangeum Dike. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (in Korean), 25(2): 156–165 Kim Y S, Yang E A, Nam K W. 2013b. Benthic marine algal flora and community structure of Eocheongdo in western coast of Korea. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (in Korean), 27(6): 655–665. doi: 10.13047/KJEE.2013.27.6.655 Koh C H, Oh S H. 1992. Distribution pattern of macroalgae in the eastern Yellow Sea, Korea. The Korean Journal of Phycology, 7: 139–146 Kong D, Kim A R. 2015. Analysis on the relationship between biological indices and survey area of benthic macroinvertebrates using mathematical model. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment (in Korean), 31(6): 610–618. doi: 10.15681/KSWE.2015.31.6.610 Lee W J, Hwang M S, Baek J M, et al. 2007. Primary survey on algal community of Gyounggi Bay for restoration. Algae (in Korean), 22(3): 201–207. doi: 10.4490/ALGAE.2007.22.3.201 Liang Zhourui, Wang Feijiu, Sun Xiutao, et al. 2014. Reproductive biology of Sargassum thunbergii (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(17): 2574–2581. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2014.517271 Littler M M, Littler D S. 1984. Relationships between macroalgal functional form groups and substrata stability in a subtropical rocky-intertidal system. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 74(1): 13–34. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(84)90035-2 Liu Jinlin, Tong Yichao, Xia Jing, et al. 2022. Ulva macroalgae within local aquaculture ponds along the estuary of Dagu River, Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174: 113243. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113243 Liu Jinlin, Xia Jing, Zhuang Minmin, et al. 2021a. Golden seaweed tides accumulated in Pyropia aquaculture areas are becoming a normal phenomenon in the Yellow Sea of China. Science of the Total Environment, 774: 145726. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145726 Liu Jinlin, Xia Jing, Zhuang Minmin, et al. 2021b. Controlling the source of green tides in the Yellow Sea: NaClO treatment of Ulva attached on Pyropia aquaculture rafts. Aquaculture, 535: 736378. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736378 Margalef R. 1958. Information theory in ecology. General Systems, 3: 36–71 McNaughton S J. 1967. Relationships among functional properties of Californian Grassland. Nature, 216(5111): 168–169. doi: 10.1038/216168b0 Oh J C, Choi H G, Kim C D, et al. 2016. Ecological evaluation of marine national parks based on seaweed community index. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (in Korean), 49(3): 385–392. doi: 10.5657/KFAS.2016.0385 Oh B G, Lee J W, Lee H B. 2005. Summer marine algal vegetation of uninhabited islands in Sinangun, southwestern coast. Algae (in Korean), 20(1): 53–59. doi: 10.4490/ALGAE.2005.20.1.053 Orfanidis S, Panayotidis P, Stamatis N. 2001. Ecological evaluation of transitional and coastal waters: A marine benthic macrophytes-based model. Mediterranean Marine Science, 2(2): 45–66. doi: 10.12681/mms.266 Orfanidis S, Panayotidis P, Stamatis N. 2003. An insight to the ecological evaluation index (EEI). Ecological Indicators, 3(1): 27–33. doi: 10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00008-6 Orfanidis S, Panayotidis P, Ugland K. 2011. Ecological evaluation index continuous formula (EEI-c) application: a step forward for functional groups, the formula and reference condition values. Mediterranean Marine Science, 12(1): 199–232. doi: 10.12681/mms.60 Padilla D K, Allen B J. 2000. Paradigm lost: reconsidering functional form and group hypotheses in marine ecology. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 250(1–2): 207–221, Park C S, Hwang E K. 2011. An investigation of the relationship between sediment particles size and the development of green algal mats (Ulva prolifera) on the intertidal flats of Muan, Korea. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(3): 515–522. doi: 10.1007/s10811-010-9620-9 Park C S, Park K Y, Hwang E K. 2013. Benthic algal flora in a man-made artificial beach in the Hwawon Resort Complex, southwestern coast of Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology (in Korean), 31(2): 78–86. doi: 10.11626/KJEB.2013.31.2.078 Park Y K, Seo K S, Choi C K. 2006. Environmental Biology (in Korean). Seoul: Daehakseolim Park C S, Wee M Y, Hwang E K. 2007. Summer algal flora of uninhabited islands in Dochodo, southwestern coast of Korea. Algae (in Korean), 22(4): 305–311. doi: 10.4490/ALGAE.2007.22.4.305 Pinedo S, García M, Satta M P, et al. 2007. Rocky-shore communities as indicators of water quality: a case study in the northwestern Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 55(1–6): 126–135, Roleda M Y, Morris J N, Mcgraw C M, et al. 2012. Ocean acidification and seaweed reproduction: Increased CO2 ameliorates the negative effect of lowered pH on meiospore germination in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). Global Change Biology, 18(3): 854–864. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02594.x Romdoni T A, Ristiani A, Meinita M D N, et al. 2018. Seaweed species composition, abundance and diversity in Drini and Kondang Merak Beach, Java. E3S Web of Conferences, 47: 03006. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20184703006 Russell B D, Thompson J A I, Falkenberg L J, et al. 2009. Synergistic effects of climate change and local stressors: CO2 and nutrient-driven change in subtidal rocky habitats. Global Change Biology, 15(9): 2153–2162. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01886.x Saito Y, Atobe S. 1970. Phytosociological study of intertidal marine algae: I. Usujiri Benten-Jima, Hokkaido. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, 21(2): 37–69 Scherner F, Horta P A, De Oliveira E C, et al. 2013. Coastal urbanization leads to remarkable seaweed species loss and community shifts along the SW Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 76(1–2): 106–115, Song W O, Jin J Y, Chae J W, et al. 2003. A review of measures against environmental impact of suspended sediments generated by coastal development works. Ocean and Polar Research (in Korean), 25(spc3): 409–416. doi: 10.4217/OPR.2003.25.spc3.409 Sun Yuqing, Yao Lulu, Liu Jinlin, et al. 2022. Prevention strategies for green tides at source in the southern Yellow Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 178: 113646. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113646 Vale C G, Arenas F, Barreiro R, et al. 2021. Understanding the local drivers of beta-diversity patterns under climate change: The case of seaweed communities in Galicia, North West of the Iberian Peninsula. Diversity and Distributions, 27(9): 1696–1705. doi: 10.1111/ddi.13361 Wells E, Wilkinson M, Wood P, et al. 2007. The use of macroalgal species richness and composition on intertidal rocky seashores in the assessment of ecological quality under the European water framework directive. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 55(1–6): 151–161, Whitaker S G, Smith J R, Murray S N. 2010. Reestablishment of the southern California rocky intertidal brown alga, Silvetia compressa: An experimental investigation of techniques and abiotic and biotic factors that affect restoration success. Restoration Ecology, 18: 18–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00717.x Yang E A, Kim Y S. 2009. Summer marine algal flora of Sipidongpado, located in the middle western coast of Korea. Korean Journal of Nature Conservation (in Korean), 3(1): 1–5 Yoo J S, Kim Y H. 2003. Community dynamics of the benthic marine algae in Hakampo, the western coast of Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology, 21(4): 428–438 Yoo H I, Lee J H, Lee K H, et al. 2007. Summer marine algal floras and community structures in Taean Peninsula, Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (in Korean), 40(4): 210–219. doi: 10.5657/kfas.2007.40.4.210 Yoon M Y, Boo S M. 1991. Flora and zonation of marine plants at the littoral area of Sapsido Island on the Yellow Sea of Korea. Korean Journal of Phycology (in Korean), 6: 145–156 -
点击查看大图
图(2) / 表(6)
计量
- 文章访问数: 429
- HTML全文浏览量: 151
- PDF下载量: 27
- 被引次数: 0
