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Abstract: The sedimentary record of climate change in the Arctic region is useful for understanding global warming. Kongsfjord is located in the subpolar region of the Arctic and is a suitable site for studying climate change. Glacier retreat is occurring in this region due to climate change, leading to an increase in meltwater outflow with a high debris content. In August 2017, we collected a sediment Core Z3 from the central fjord near the Yellow River Station. Then, we used the widely used chronology method of 210Pb, 137Cs, and other parameters to reflect the climate change record in the sedimentary environment of Kongsfjord. The results showed that after the mid-late 1990s, the mass accumulation rate of this core increased from 0.10 g/(cm2·a) to 0.34 g/(cm2·a), while the flux of 210Pbex increased from 125 Bq/(m2·a) to 316 Bq/(m2·a). The higher sedimentary inventory of 210Pbex in Kongsfjord compared to global fallout might have been caused by sediment focusing, boundary scavenging, and riverine input. Similarities between the inventory of 137Cs and global fallout indicated that terrestrial particulate matter was the main source of 137Cs in fjord sediments. The sedimentation rate increased after 1997, possibly due to the increased influx of glacial meltwater containing debris. In addition, the 137Cs activity, percentage of organic carbon (OC), and OC/total nitrogen concentration ratio showed increasing trends toward the top of the core since 1997, corresponding to a decrease in the mass balance of glaciers in the region. The results of δ13C, δ15N and OC/TN concentration ratio showed both terrestrial and marine sources contributed to the organic matter in Core Z3. The relative contribution of terrestrial organic matter which was calculated by a two-endmember model showed an increased trend since mid-1990s. All these data indicate that global climate change has a significant impact on Arctic glaciers.
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Key words:
- Kongsfjord /
- radionuclide /
- organic carbon/total nitrogen (OC/TN) concentration ratio /
- δ13C /
- δ15N /
- sediment record /
- climate change
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Figure 1. Map of Kongsfjord showing the sampling station and major glaciers. The lines in a represent the ocean currents: West Spitsbergen Current (red line), Spitsbergen Trough Current (orange line), and Spitsbergen Polar Current (blue line). The black cross in b represents the station and the red English letters mean glaciers (A: Brøggerbreen; B: Lovénbreane; C: Kongsvegen; D: Kronebreen; E: Kongsbreen; F: Blomstrandbreen). The pentagram represents Ny-Ålesund.
Figure 2. Grain-size classification (a), mean grain size (b), organic carbon (OC) concentration (c), OC/total nitrogen (TN) concentration ratio (d), δ13C (e) and δ15N (f) in sediment Core Z3.
Figure 3. Regression analysis model used for Core Z3 (a); comparison between the constant rate of supply (CRS), constant initial concentration (CIC), and CRS unsegmented models in terms of the mass accumulation rate (b) and dating results (c) for Core Z3; profile of 137Cs in Core Z3 (d).
Figure 4. Profiles of 210Pb (a) and 210Pbex (b). Data in a and b are from Kuliński et al. (2014) and Koziorowska et al. (2017). The information of Stations KM, KO, kb1 and kb2 are presented in Table 3.
Figure 5. Scatter plots for the δ13C, δ15N, organic carbon/total nitrogen (OC/TN) concentration ratio and the relative contribution of terrestrial organic matter (Fterr) in the Core Z3 (Meyers, 1994; Lamb et al., 2006; Barros et al., 2010).
Figure 6. Sediment transport in Bayelva River (a) and air temperature in Ny-Ålesund (b) over time. Data in a are from Bogen and Bønsnes (2003), data in b are from
http://www.mosj.no/en/climate/ .Table 1. Basic parameters for the Core Z3
Sample name Mass depth/
(g·cm−2)${\text{δ}}^{13} $C/
‰${\text{δ}}^{15} $N/
‰OC/
%TN/
%OC/
TNZ3 0–1.0 cm 0.53 −22.46 5.18 0.83 0.07 11.65 Z3 1.0–1.5 cm 1.42 −23.22 5.55 0.72 0.08 9.30 Z3 1.5–2.0 cm 2.00 −20.91 5.38 0.53 0.07 7.36 Z3 2.5–3.0 cm 3.10 −21.89 5.09 0.36 0.07 5.45 Z3 3.0–3.5 cm 3.73 −21.06 5.26 0.35 0.06 5.63 Z3 3.5–4.0 cm 4.26 −20.58 5.05 0.28 0.06 4.89 Z3 4.0–5.0 cm 5.15 −23.65 4.89 0.43 0.05 8.16 Z3 5.0–5.5 cm 5.99 −22.81 4.76 0.40 0.05 7.35 Z3 7.0–7.5 cm 8.25 −22.79 4.39 0.36 0.05 6.73 Z3 7.5–8.0 cm 8.87 −22.51 5.22 0.29 0.05 5.62 Z3 8.5–9.5 cm 10.42 −20.92 5.24 0.35 0.05 6.61 Note: OC represents organic carbon concentration; TN, total nitrogen concentration; OC/TN, OC/TN concentration ratio. 
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Table 2. Sedimentary rate of the sediment core from Kongsfjord
Study area Sedimentation rate Sampling time Reference Inner part Central part Outer part Kongsfjord − 0.103−0.340 g/(m2·a) − 2017 this study Kongsfjord − 0.372−0.611 g/(m2·a) − − Mohan et al. (2018) Kongsfjord >1.8 g/(m2·a) 0.18 g/(m2·a) 0.02 g/(m2·a) 2000 Aliani et al. (2004) Kongsfjord − 0.2 cm/a 0.13 cm/a 2015 Koziorowska et al. (2017) Kongsfjord − 2.5 cm/a (without regarding to mixing layer) − 2000 Zaborska et al. (2006) Kongsfjord − 0.32 g/(m2·a) 0.13 g/(m2·a) 2009 and 2007 Kuliński et al. (2014) Note: − represents no data.
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Table 3. Inventories of 210Pbex and 137Cs (both values were decay-corrected to 2017)
Sample name Location Inventory/(Bq·m−2) Reference 210Pbex 137Cs Atmospheric fallout 70°–80°N 385–1 837 285 Aarkrog (2003); Zhang et al. (2021) Svalbard − 1 455–2 582 − Appleby (2004) Z3 78.95°N, 12.03°E 6 517±791 227±77 this study KO 79.00°N, 11.48°E 17 766 − Kuliński et al. (2014) KM 78.94°N, 12.14°E 8 065 − Kuliński et al. (2014) kb1 79.02°N, 11.45°E 25 540 − Koziorowska et al. (2017) kb2 78.94°N, 11.98°E 18 571 − Koziorowska et al. (2017) V3 78.93°N, 12.37°E >8 631 − Svendsen et al. (2002) KO-1 78.95°N, 12.03°E 10 464 − Svendsen et al. (2002) Note: − represents no data.
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