Study of coexisting upstream solitary wave packet and downstream wakes induced by Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands detected by satellite sun glitter
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Abstract: Taking the advantage of sun glitter (SG) observed from high-resolution satellites Gaofen-1 (GF-1) and Gaofen-6 (GF-6), a new method named Shield and Vortex 1-2 (SAV1-2) for extracting spatial texture information from sun glitter was established. Sea surface texture detail information around Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands was extracted using SAV1-2. Meanwhile, the dynamic characteristics of the water environment were analyzed by combining the water color, temperature and dynamic data. The results show the following information. (1) Stable westward shield effect and eastward Karman vortex streets, extracted from SG, appear upstream (westward) and downstream (eastward) of the Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands respectively. (2) The dominant direction of the Kuroshio Current in the Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands area is east, the Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands interacting with Kuroshio, inducing western shield and eastern shelter and wake. Furthermore, wave intervals of the shield in front of the island range from hundreds to thousands of metres, and extend wider than the island itself. (3) Combining with high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, the directional changes of water color elements are mutually supported and proved with the stable shield (wave packet) effect in the west and vortex street effect in the east. The change of SST upstream of the island (western shield area) is not significant, the temperature in the downstream shelter area decreases slightly, and the SST in the downstream wake area shows a general trend of obvious decrease. The wake area is dominated by Karman vortex streets in shape, supplementing by vortices. The concentration of Chl a in the west shield of island is as low as that in downstream shelter area, while it increases significantly in the downstream wake area with shape in eddy or ribbon. (4) The SAV methods of extracting sea surface texture detail using SG can be widely used in different sea areas and water quality. This paper can provide reference for the protection and development of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands and its surrounding waters. It is suggested that some kind of current buffer, such as marine wind farm, should be established in the western waters of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands to protect the islands, and marine pasture should be developed in the downstream of eastern waters of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands.
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Key words:
- sun glitter /
- westward shield /
- Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands /
- GF-1/6
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Figure 1. Location of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands (a, c), and the topography of this study area (b). “DYI” in b is the abbreviation of Diaoyu Dao, “HWI” in b is Huangwei Yu.
Figure 2. The change of sun glitter upstream and downstream of Diaoyu Dao retrieved by Shield-and-Velocity 1 (SAV1) from GF-6 Panchromatic and Multispectral Sensors (PMS) image on September 8, 2019 (I), GF-1 PMS1 image on July 31, 2019 (II) and GF-1 PMS2 image on August 25, 2016 (III). a. Classification; b. co-occurrence; c. median; d. SAV1; e. low-pass high-pass Fast Fourier Transform. U: upstream; D: downstream. Red arrow: the direction of local current; red ellipse: the westward shield of the islands; magenta square: the downstream shelter area; cyan circle: the eddy downstream. Black patches: Diaoyu Dao (DYI), Beixiao Dao and Nanxiao Dao (N-SI), Fei Yu (FI), Nan Yu (NY) and Bei Yu (BY).
Figure 3. In I, sun glitter change upstream and downstream of Huangwei Yu retrieved from classification (a), Shield-and-Velocity 2 (SAV2) (b) and median (c). b rotates 90°counterclockwise to b-1. In II, sun glitter change in the downstream of Bei Yu and Nan Yu retrieved from classification (a), low-pass Fast Fourier Transform (b), co-occurrence (c), median (d) and SAV2 (e). They were both retrieved from GF-6 Panchromatic and Multispectral Sensors image on September 8, 2019. U: upstream; D: downstream. Yellow arrow: the direction of local current; cyan curve arc: the westward shield of the island; blue ellipse: the vortex downstream; green patch in I: Huangwei Yu (HWI); red and black marks in II: Bei Yu (BY) and Nan Yu (NY).
Figure 4. Sea surface temperature (SST) retrieved from Landsat-8 images. A, B and C show SST distribution near Diaoyu Dao (DYI), Beixiao Dao and Nanxiao Dao (N-SI); a, b, c and d show SST distribution near Huangwei Yu (HWI). U: upstream. D: downstream. Black arrow: the direction of local current; red square: the area in the downstream where SST reduction is not obvious.
Figure 5. Chl a concentration around Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands retrieved from image of HY-1C Coastal Zone Imager on January 3, 2020. U: upstream; D: downstream. Black arrow: the direction of local current; magenta ellipse and white square: the low Chl a concentration area upstream and downstream the islands; black ellipse: the high Chl a concentration area downstream; green patches: Diaoyu Dao (DYI), Beixiao Dao and Nanxiao Dao (N-SI), and Huangwei Yu (HWI).
Figure 6. Monthly mean variability results from August 2012 to August 2015. a and d show sea surface current; b. sea surface temperature (SST); c. wind field. The current data depth is 6 m. Square box: the position of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands; black arrow: the current direction in Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands area.
Figure 7. Sun glitter change upstream and downstream of Huangwei Yu retrieved from Shield-and-Velocity 2 (SAV2) method (a), the result of image fusion among panchromatic and multispectral bands (b). Data acquisition in September 8, 2019 from GF-6 PMS. U: upstream; D: downstream. Yellow arrow: the direction of local current; cyan curve arc: the westward shield of the island; blue ellipse: the vortex downstream; green patch: Huangwei Yu.
Figure 8. Tide level of Diaoyu Dao on September 8, 2019 and 2020 acquired from National Marine Data Center of China.
Figure 9. Graphical abstract illustrating the impact of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands on the water environment nearby. Green patch: island; white arrow: flow direction. SAV: Shield and Vortex 1-2 (SAV1-2); SST: sea surface temperature.
Table 1. Details of sensors and satellite data
Sensor Band Wavelength/μm Resolution/m Date GF-6PMS Band1 (blue) 0.45−0.52 8 Sept. 8, 2019 Band2 (green) 0.52−0.60 8 Sept. 8, 2019 Band3 (red) 0.63−0.69 8 Sept. 8, 2019 Band4 (NIR) 0.76−0.90 8 Sept. 8, 2019 PAN 0.45−0.90 2 Sept. 8, 2019 GF-1PMS1/PMS2 Band1 (blue) 0.45−0.52 8 Aug. 25, 2016 Band2 (green) 0.52−0.59 8 Aug. 25, 2016 Band3 (red) 0.63−0.69 8 Aug. 25, 2016 Band4 (NIR) 0.77−0.89 2 Jul. 31, 2019 PAN 0.45−0.90 2 Jul. 31, 2019 Landsat-8 TIRS 100 Jul. 17, 2014 Band10 (TIR) 10.60−11.19 100 Aug. 10, 2017 10.60−11.19 100 Jun. 26, 2018 Band11 (TIR) 11.50−12.51 100 Jul. 28, 2018 11.50−12.51 100 Dec. 3, 2018 HY-1CCZI Band1 0.421−0.500 50 Oct. 3, 2020 Band2 0.517−0.598 50 Oct. 3, 2020 Band3 0.608−0.690 50 Oct. 3, 2020 Band4 0.761−0.891 50 Oct. 3, 2020 Note: PMS, Panchromatic and Multispectral Sensors; TIRS, Thermal Infrared Sensor; CZI, Coastal Zone Imager; NIR, near-infrared; PAN, panchromatic band. 
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Table 2. Details of current data
Data introduction Data acquisition time Seasonal variation summer: Jul. 2014; autumn: Oct. 2014; winter: Jan. 2015; spring: Apr. 2015 Inter-annual variation Aug. 2012; Aug. 2013; Aug. 2014; Aug. 2015
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