Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of coastal mudflats on Leizhou Peninsula, China

Tingting Li; Lili Jia; Xin Zhu; Min Xu; Xinchang Zhang

doi:10.1007/s13131-022-2101-6

doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2101-6

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- 收稿日期: 2022-05-23
- 录用日期: 2022-09-13
- 网络出版日期: 2022-10-28
- 刊出日期: 2023-01-25

Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of coastal mudflats on Leizhou Peninsula, China

Tingting Li^{1, 2, 3
, ,},
Lili Jia³,
Xin Zhu³,
Min Xu¹,
Xinchang Zhang^{4, 5}

1.
Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Guangdong Geological Survey Institute, Guangzhou 510080, China
4.
State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
5.
CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China

Funds: The Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan and Jiangxi 1:250 000 Land Quality Geochemical Survey under contract No. DD20160327-04; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. U1911202; the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under contract No. 2021A1515011547; the Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under contract No. 202102020465.

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Corresponding author: E-mail: tingtingliscsio@126.com

摘要

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Abstract: Mudflats play a vital role in maintaining the dynamic balance between sea and land. To understand the characteristics, sources, and pollution risks of six heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Pb) in the coastal mudflats on the Leizhou Peninsula, 257 surface sediment samples were studied using mathematical statistics, correlation analysis, and factor analysis. The results show that the overall concentrations of these heavy metals are low although there are several high abnormal points in the local areas. The strong correlation between these heavy metals indicates that the sources of some of the metals are similar, yet their elemental combinations in different cities (counties) varied. According to the calculated enrichment factor (EF), anthropogenic activity-induced heavy metals were determined in order of decreasing influence: As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Hg. The low EF values of Hg indicate that it does not present as a contaminant in the study area, while low values of Cr and Cu from the Lianjiang City suggest that these two metals were also attributed to natural sources. The presence of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb from the remaining cities (counties) should be influenced by anthropogenic activities. The overall potential ecological risk index indicates that the ecological risks posed by the six analyzed heavy metals to the Leizhou Peninsula mudflats, in order of decreasing risk, are Cd, As, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Cr. It is noteworthy that only Cd in Lianjiang City demonstrated substantial ecological risk. Other examined heavy metals in other cities of the study area showed slight ecological risk.
- mudflat /
- heavy metal /
- ecological risk assessment /
- source identification /
- Leizhou Peninsula

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Figure 1. Map of the Leizhou Peninsula and the sampling points in this study (blank circles).

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Figure 2. Box plot of heavy metal element concentrations in coastal mudflat sediments of Leizhou Peninsula.

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Figure 3. Spatial distributions of heavy metal concentrations with reference to marine sediment standards, As (a), Cd (b), Cr (c), Cu (d), Hg (e), and Pb (f) in the coastal mudflat sediment on Leizhou Peninsula.

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Figure 4. Spatial distributions of potential ecological risk of heavy metal in the coastal mudflat sediment on Leizhou Peninsula, As (a), Cd (b), Cr (c), Cu (d), Hg (e), and Pb (f). RI: the combined potential ecological pollution index of multiple pollutants.

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Table 1. Grading criteria proposed by Hakanson (1980)

Er		RI
Grading criteria	Ecological risk level	Grading criteria	Ecological risk level
Er<40	low	RI<150	low
40≤Er<80	moderate	150≤RI<300	moderate
80≤Er<160	high	300≤RI<600	high
160≤Er<320	very high	RI≥600	very high
Er≥320	extremely high
Note: Er: ecological risk; RI is the combined potential ecological pollution index.

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Table 2. Characteristics of heavy metal element concentrations of surface sediments in the coastal mudflat area of Leizhou Peninsula

Area	Parameter	As/(μg·g⁻¹)	Cd/(μg·g⁻¹)	Cr/(μg·g⁻¹)	Cu/(μg·g⁻¹)	Hg/(ng·g⁻¹)	Pb/(μg·g⁻¹)
All region	mean value	5.34	0.055	57.40	14.39	0.021	14.92
All region	range	0.48−21.90	0.004−1.22	0.76−309.00	0.13−102.00	0.002−0.130	2.80−69.50
Suixi County	mean value	3.72	0.06	17.07	5.45	0.020	14.71
Suixi County	range	0.78−6.05	0.02−0.30	0.85−62.70	0.83−26.00	0.002−0.029	2.80−69.50
Leizhou City	mean value	4.93	0.04	65.56	15.52	0.020	12.01
Leizhou City	range	0.67−14.00	0.004−0.16	0.88−309.00	0.13−85.20	0.003−0.099	2.80−42.50
Xuwen County	mean value	5.25	0.05	77.09	19.53	0.020	13.13
Xuwen County	range	0.48−18.90	0.02−0.09	4.70−298.00	1.15−102.00	0.002−0.110	4.50−30.10
Zhanjiang City	mean value	5.92	0.04	35.36	8.82	0.020	18.07
Zhanjiang City	range	0.71−21.90	0.02−0.15	0.76−170.00	0.78−52.20	0.002−0.130	4.40−56.90
Lianjiang City	mean value	8.33	0.29	37.14	11.40	0.040	31.01
Lianjiang City	range	1.52−19.10	0.04−1.22	4.18−76.30	3.55−19.80	0.010−0.076	8.60−61.30
Wuchuan City	mean value	2.96	0.03	9.30	2.95	0.004	13.98
Wuchuan City	range	0.81−4.94	0.02−0.04	5.06−14.70	1.87−4.30	0.003−0.006	7.20−20.10
East China coastal mudflats (Zhang et al., 2017)	mean value	8.11	0.09	70.03	18.90	0.030	23.05
East China coastal mudflats (Zhang et al., 2017)	range	1.10−27.20	0.02−1.43	4.20−230.00	2.90−370.00	0.010−0.580	0.50−85.80
Marine sediment standards I-II-III (General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, 2004)	limited value	20−65−93	0.5−1.5−5.0	80−150−270	35−100−200	0.2−0.5−1.0	60−130−250

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Table 3. Loadings of heavy metal factors in Leizhou Peninsula coastal mudflat surface sediments

	Leizhou City		Lianjiang City	Suixi County	Wuchuan City		Xuwen County		Zhanjiang City
	F₁	F₂	F₁	F₁	F₁	F₂	F₁	F₂	F₁
As	0.680	0.612	0.938	0.987	0.935	0.071	0.571	0.708	0.861
Cd	0.870	−0.026	0.815	0.969	0.686	0.633	0.859	0	0.805
Cr	0.899	−0.279	0.952	0.994	0.954	0.183	0.909	−0.159	0.923
Cu	0.888	−0.348	0.977	0.992	0.910	0.033	0.858	−0.405	0.922
Hg	0.847	−0.265	0.983	0.997	−0.083	0.900	0.822	−0.297	0.857
Pb	0.728	0.538	0.980	0.993	0.657	0.677	0.627	0.529	0.915
Eigenvalue	4.046	0.934	5.331	5.865	4.022	1.209	3.679	1.059	4.663
Eigenvalue percentage/%	67.729	15.566	88.849	97.745	67.039	20.154	61.617	17.650	77.720

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Table 4. Correlation coefficients of heavy metals in surface sediments in Leizhou Peninsula coastal mudflats

		As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Pb
Leizhou City	As	1	−0.136	0.492**	0.427**	0.383**	−0.010
	Cd		1	−0.245*	−0.152	0.700**	0.014
	Cr			1	0.905**	0.762**	−0.078
	Cu				1	0.752**	−0.156
	Hg					1	−0.167
	Pb						1
Lianjiang City	As	1	−0.310	0.946**	0.902**	0.896**	0.454*
	Cd		1	−0.366	−0.386	0.818**	−0.003
	Cr			1	0.962**	0.910**	0.441*
	Cu				1	0.944**	0.425
	Hg					1	0.984**
	Pb						1
Suixi County	As	1	−0.146	0.958**	0.906**	0.980**	0.551**
	Cd		1	−0.224	−0.147	0.950**	0.186
	Cr			1	0.946**	0.996**	0.579**
	Cu				1	0.995**	0.525**
	Hg					1	0.991**
	Pb						1
Wuchuan City	As	1	−0.440	0.856**	0.846**	0.066	0.552*
	Cd		1	−0.704**	−0.483	0.369	−0.651**
	Cr			1	0.869**	0.110	0.748**
	Cu				1	0.064	0.575*
	Hg					1	0.427
	Pb						1
Xuwen County	As	1	0.523**	0.433**	0.234*	0.217*	0.510**
	Cd		1	−0.052	−0.044	0.221*	0.409**
	Cr			1	0.890**	−0.114	0.466**
	Cu				1	−0.101	0.312**
	Hg					1	0.435**
	Pb						1
Zhanjiang City	As	1	0.584**	0.709**	0.729**	0.638**	0.886**
	Cd		1	−0.075	−0.082	0.593**	0.667**
	Cr			1	0.918**	−0.172	0.819**
	Cu				1	−0.183	0.748**
	Hg					1	0.706**
	Pb						1
Note: ** indicates a significant correlation at the 0.01 level; * indicates a significant correlation at the 0.05 level.

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Table 5. Enrichment factor in surface sediments in Leizhou Peninsula coastal mudflats

	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Pb
Leizhou City	4.53	2.52	2.65	2.06	0.70	2.34
Lianjiang City	1.90	3.44	0.66	0.78	0.51	1.59
Suixi County	4.43	4.11	1.38	1.49	0.75	3.30
Wuchuan City	4.25	2.00	1.03	1.19	0.25	3.52
Xuwen County	4.83	1.95	2.96	2.27	0.65	2.30
Zhanjiang City	4.95	2.78	1.59	1.53	0.64	3.17

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Table 6. Erⁱ and RI of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Leizhou Peninsula mudflats

	Erⁱ						RI	Grade
	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Pb	RI	Grade
Leizhou City	14.60	22.44	3.22	6.47	12.29	3.73	62.76	low
Lianjiang City	24.64	145.02	1.82	4.75	24.40	9.63	210.26	moderate
Suixi County	11.02	30.36	0.84	2.27	10.40	4.57	59.45	low
Wuchuan City	8.75	14.54	0.46	1.23	2.27	4.34	31.58	low
Xuwen County	15.52	25.06	3.79	8.14	13.84	4.08	70.43	low
Zhanjiang City	17.52	21.09	1.74	3.68	13.51	5.61	63.14	low
Average	15.34	43.09	1.98	4.42	12.79	5.33	−	−
Note: − represents no data.

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doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2101-6

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Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of coastal mudflats on Leizhou Peninsula, China

Corresponding author: E-mail: tingtingliscsio@126.com

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