Comparison of short-term toxicity of 14 common phycotoxins (alone and in combination) to the survival of brine shrimp Artemia salina
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Abstract: Toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) can cause deleterious effects in marine organisms, threatening the stability of marine ecosystems. It is well known that different strains, natural populations and growth conditions of the same toxic algal species may lead to different amount of phycotoxin production and the ensuing toxicity. To fully assess the ecological risk of toxic HABs, it is of great importance to investigate the toxic effects of phycotoxins in marine organisms. In this study, the short-term toxicity of 14 common phycotoxins (alone and in combination) in the marine zooplankton Artemia salina was investigated. The 48 h LC50 of the 14 phycotoxins varied from 0.019 3 µg/mL to 2.415 µg/mL. The most potent phycotoxin was azaspiracids-3 (AZA3; with a LC50 of 0.019 3 µg/mL), followed by azaspiracids-2 (AZA2; 0.022 6 µg/mL), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2; 0.046 0 µg/mL) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1; 0.081 8 µg/mL). For the binary exposure, okadaic acid (OA) induced potential additive effects with DTX1, probably due to their similar structure (polyether fatty acid) and mode of action (attacking the serine/threonine phosphoprotein phosphatases). On the other hand, OA showed potential antagonistic effects with PTX2, which might be accounted for by their activation on the detoxification activity of cytochrome P450 activity. In addition, DTX1 induced potential synergetic effects with saxitoxin (STX), yessotoxin (YTX) or PTX2, suggesting the hazard potency of the mixtures of DTX1 and other phycotoxins (like STX, YTX and PTX2) with regard to the ecological risk. These results provide valuable toxicological data for assessing the impact of phycotoxins on marine planktonic species and highlight the potential ecological risk of toxic HABs in marine ecosystems.
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Key words:
- LC50 /
- harmful algal blooms /
- binary exposure /
- ecological risk
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Figure 1. The 48 h mortality-concentration curves of OA (a), DTX1 (b), PTX2 (c), YTX (d), hYTX (e), SPX1 (f), GYM (g), AZA1 (h), AZA2 (i), AZA3 (j), STX (k), dcSTX (l), PbTx2 (m) and PbTx3 (n) in Artemia salina, where Y−axis is mortality and X−axis is the log10 concentration (unit: ng/mL) of phycotoxins (lg C). The insets are plots of probit transformed responses, where the Y−axis is probit and the X−axis is lg C.
Figure 2. The individual and combined effects of OA+DTX1 (A), OA+PTX2 (B), OA+STX (C), DTX1+PTX2 (D), DTX1+STX (E), DTX1+YTX (F), DTX1+hYTX (G), PTX2+SPX1 (H) and PTX2+hYTX (I) on the 48 h mortality of Artemia salina. Data were expressed as the mean±SEM (n>3). Bars marked with different letters are significantly different from each other (p<0.05).
Table 1. The 48 h LC50 and LC10 values of marine phycotoxins in Artemia salina (n=3)
Phycotoxins LC50/(µg·mL−1) LC10/(µg·mL−1) OA 0.372 [0.287–0.746] 0.124 [0.074 8–0.153] DTX1 0.081 8 [0.046 0–0.139] 0.029 9 [0.003 27–0.050 7] PTX2 0.046 0 [0.035 2–0.057 3] 0.021 2 [0.009 57–0.029 4] YTX 0.171 [0.097 5–0.208] 0.061 2 [0.039 7–0.133] hYTX 0.085 9 [0.068 9–0.237] 0.048 0 [0.035 9–0.054 8] GYM 0.191 [0.102–1.667] 0.054 5 [0.042 7–0.102] SPX1 0.118 [0.091 0–0.345] 0.069 2 [0.061 7–0.087 9] AZA1 0.106 [0.032 4–105.44] 0.021 9 [0.013 2–5.701] AZA2 0.022 6 [0.017 2–0.038 5] 0.008 89 [0.007 53–0.010 5] AZA3 0.019 3 [0.014 5–0.036 8] 0.008 55 [0.007 24–0.010 3] STX 0.899 [0.469–16.520] 0.288 [0.222–0.716] dcSTX 0.376 [0.281–0.962] 0.194 [0.171–0.242] PbTx2 2.415 [2.056–3.499] 0.893 [0.423–1.161] PbTx3 1.279 [1.208–1.355] 0.811 [0.719–0.887] Note: The 95% confidence interval are given in brackets. Table 2. List of the recent toxicological data about the toxicity of phycotoxins in aquatic organisms
Phycotoxin Species Time LC50/(µg·mL−1) Reference OA Tigriopus californicus 24 h 41.7 Shaw et al. (1997) Artemia franciscana 24 h 6 270* D’ors et al. (2014) Danio rerio larvae 24 h 10 Figueroa et al. (2020) Danio rerio larvae 48 h 8.5 Figueroa et al. (2020) Danio rerio larvae 72 h 7 Figueroa et al. (2020) Daphnia magna 48 h 42.1 Rambla-Alegre et al. (2018) Daphnia magna 96 h 0.003 Rambla-Alegre et al. (2018) Artemia salina 48 h 0.728 this study DTX1 Danio rerio larvae 24 h 7 Figueroa et al. (2020) Danio rerio larvae 48 h 5.5 Figueroa et al. (2020) Danio rerio larvae 72 h 5 Figueroa et al. (2020) Daphnia magna 48 h 29 Rambla-Alegre et al. (2018) Daphnia magna 96 h 0.008 Rambla-Alegre et al. (2018) Artemia salina 48 h 0.081 9 this study STX Artemia franciscana 24 h 4 060* D’ors et al. (2014) Artemia salina 48 h 1.042 32 this study PbTx Bambusia affinis 24 h 0.000 011 Kirkpatrick et al. (2004) Oryzias latipes 24 h 0.015–25 Poli (1988) PbTx2 Artemia salina 48 h 2.415 this study PbTx3 Artemia salina 48 h 1.239 this study Note: * represents the calculated equivalent. -
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