Differences in spring precipitation over southern China associated with multiyear La Niña events
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Abstract: Composite analyses were performed in this study to reveal the difference in spring precipitation over southern China during multiyear La Niña events during 1901 to 2015. It was found that there is significantly below-normal precipitation during the first boreal spring, but above-normal precipitation during the second year. The difference in spring precipitation over southern China is correlative to the variation in western North Pacific anomalous cyclone (WNPC), which can in turn be attributed to the different sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the Tropical Pacific. The remote forcing of negative SSTA in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific and the local air-sea interaction in the western North Pacific are the usual causes of WNPC formation and maintenance. SSTA in the first spring is stronger than those in the second spring. As a result, the intensity of WNPC in the first year is stronger, which is more likely to reduce the moisture in southern China by changing the moisture transport, leading to prolonged precipitation deficits over southern China. However, the tropical SSTA signals in the second year are too weak to induce the formation and maintenance of WNPC and the below-normal precipitation over southern China. Thus, the variation in tropical SSTA signals between two consecutive springs during multiyear La Niña events leads to obvious differences in the spatial pattern of precipitation anomaly in southern China by causing the different WNPC response.
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Figure 1. The time evolution of the Niño3.4 index (℃) based on the HadISST dataset from 1901 to 2020. The year indicated by blue (light blue) bars at the bottom is the year 0 of the multi-year (single-year) La Niña event.
Figure 2. Time series of the Niño3.4 index (℃) from Jun. (−1) to Jun. (2) for 10 multiyear La Niña events (a) and 12 single-year La Niña events (b). The solid blue line is the composite time series. The year that the first La Niña develop is regard as year 0. The following year is year 1 and so on.
Figure 3. Observed precipitation anomalies (mm/month) during winter (a and b) and spring (c and d) of composite multiyear La Niña events from 1901 to 2015. Black dots indicate the areas where precipitation anomalies are statistically significant above a 90% confidence level. The background map downloaded from
http://211.159.153.75/browse.html?picId=%224o28b0625501ad13015501ad2bfc2188%22. 
Figure 4. Observed 850 hPa horizontal wind (vector, m/s), SLP (contours, hPa) and precipitation (shading, mm/month) anomalies of the 10 multiyear La Niña events. The wind anomalies at 90% confidence level are shown in purple.
Figure 5. Vertically integrated moisture (VIM) flux (vector; kg/(s · m)) with convergence and divergence (shading; 10–5 kg/(s · m2)) above the 90% confidence level are shown.
Figure 6. Vertical velocity of air at 500 hPa; red regions are anomalous ascending motion and blue regions are anomalous descending motion. Dots indicate the areas where vertical velocity anomalies are statistically significant above a 90% confidence level.
Figure 7. Observed SST anomalies (shading, ℃) and wind at 850 hPa (vector, m/s) in the first and second winters (a and b) and spring (c and d) of composite multiyear La Niña events. Dots indicate the areas where SST anomalies are statistically significant above a 90% confidence level.
Figure 8. Observed SST (shading in the ocean, ℃), precipitation (shading in the land, mm/month) and 850 hPa wind anomalies (vector, m/s) in spring during single-year La Niña (a), precipitation and WNPC index and their correlation for the first (blue dot) and second (red dot) spring of multiyear La Niña and single-year La Niña (black dot) (b), and precipitation and Niño3.4 index and their correlation (c). Red vectors and dots in a indicate the areas where 850 hPa wind anomalies and SST/precipitation anomalies are statistically significant above a 90% confidence level, respectively.
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